英语语法--非限定动词

非谓语动词也叫非限定性动词，即它的形式不受主语人称和数的限制，不能作谓语。非谓语动词包括动词不定式、分词和动名词。动词不定式动词不定式的基本构成：由不定式符号to加动词原形构成。其否定式由not+不定式构成动词不定式的句法作用法可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语,状语和补语。1、作主语Tomasteraforeignlanguageisveryimportant.Nottosmokewilldoyoualotofgood.2、作宾语Idon’texpecttomeetyouhere.Ihopetohearfromyousoon.有些动词只要求动词不定式作宾语，如want,decide,learn,pretend,hope,expect,refuse,manage,long,promise,offer,hate等。5.作状语。不定式作状语可以表示目的,结果,原因等.如目的:Hecometosee.Hewenttothesupermarkettobuyapen.结果:Shewokeuptofindherselfinbed.Hereturnedhometofindhiswifehaddied原因:I’mgladtomeetyou.Sheseemssurprisedtomeetme.有些动词如allow,advise,ask,beg,believe,call,enable,get,have,invite,let,make,order,notice,teach,tell等后边常跟动词不定式作宾语补足语。6作补语TheteacherallowedmetofinishmyhomeworkonFriday.Iinvitedhimtocomehere.有些动词如consider,prove,think,know,feel,suppose,discover,imagine,find等也可跟“宾语+tobe”的形式，使用中应注意。例如：Wefoundhim(tobe)dishonest.我们发现他不诚实。Weallknowhimtobedead.我们都以为他死了。动词不定式复合结构的用法1、作主语，常用it作形式主语。It’sdifficultforyoutostudyEnglish.It’sniceofyoutohelpme.2.在复合宾语中作真正的宾语，由it作形式宾语。3、作表语Herwishistobecomeadoctorinthefuture.Tothedoctor,themostimportantthingistosavelives.4、作定语，放在被修饰词的后面。Doyouhaveanythingtosay?Sheisaverynicepersontoworkwith.当不定式作直接宾语，它后面还有宾语补足语时，需用it作形式宾语代替不定式，而把不定式放在补足语之后。Ifinditdifficulttobelievehim.Ifeelitrighttotellherthetruth.注意事项：1）当被不定式修饰的名词与后面的不定式有动宾关系时（即为逻辑宾语），不定式结尾表示动宾关系的介词不要丢掉。Atlastwefoundaroomtolivein.Ihaven’tgotachairtositon.Ihaveapentowritewith.2）不定式作定语，与靠近的名词或代词有逻辑的动宾关系，但其逻辑主语是句子的主语，一般用主动语态。IhavemuchworktodoWefoundthebookdifficulttounderstand.如果句子找不出上述逻辑主语，或不定式的逻辑主语不是句中主语时，则一般用被动语态。Herbossgotalotofletterstobetyped.(不是老板自己打，而是别人打)“Doyouhaveanyclothestobewashedtoday”不定式to的省略1)由all，what等引导的主语从句或者主语被only,first,one,least或形容词最高级修饰时，而且从句中含有是实意动词do时，其表语如果是动词不定式，则往往省去to。AllIdidwasemptythebottle.我所做的是倒空这个瓶子。WhatIwantedtodowasdriveallnight.我想做的是彻夜开车。TheonlythingIcoulddowasdoitmyself。我惟一能做的是我自己解决。2)but,except(除…之外)后接不定式时，如果它们前面有谓语动词do,便可省略to.反之则不能省略.如Hehasnoalternativebuttogotoseehim.LastnightIdidnothingbutwatchTV.Thereisnothinghecoulddobutplayalldaylong。3)在make（使）,let（让）,have（使，叫）等使役动词后；在see（看）,watch（观看）,lookat（看）,observe（观察，看见）,perceive（看见）,feel（感觉）,hear（听）,listento（听...）,notice（发现，注意）等表示感官的动词等后面省去动词不定式符号“to”。但如果句子变成被动时,则不能省.如:ImakehimteachmeEnglish.HeismadetoteachmeEnglish4)Wouldrather宁愿wouldsoonerWouldyouplease请您hadbetter最好Ratherthan而不是hadrather宁愿cannotbut不得不can’thelpbut不得不mayaswell不妨,最好等习惯用法中,省略to如Iwouldratherstayathome.Wouldyoupleaseclosethewindow?Marycouldnotbut/couldn’thelpbutlietoherparents.5)由并列连词and，but,than,or连接两个以上的具有相同意义或功能的不定式时，第二个动词不定式不带to。I’dliketostaywithyou,helpyouandlearnfromyou.Shetoldustostayathomeandwaittillshecameback.注：如果两个不定式表示对照或对比时，则不能省略to.Totryandfailisbetterthannottotryatall.尝试而失败也比不尝试好。Hehasn′tdecidedwhethertoquitortostay.他还没有决定是去还是留。Tobeornottobe,thatisaquestion.是生存还是死亡，这是一个问题。6)7以Why或Whynot开头表请求的结构中常跟上动词原形,省略to。Whynotgooutforawalk?语态时态主动语态被动语态一般时tomaketobemade进行时tobemaking完成时tohavemadetohavebeenmade完成进行时tohavebeenmaking动词不定式保留了动词的一些特征，具有时态和语态的变化，但是它的时态和语态只有以下几种，见下表。动词不定式的时态和语态1）一般式：不定式的一般式表示的动作或状态与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生或在其之后发生。Isawhimclimbupthetree.Wehopetobuildupamodernlaboratory.2）进行式：不定式进行式表示的动作在谓语动词表示的动作发生时正在进行。Shewasfoundtobeteachingthepupilstomakemodelplanes.3）完成式：动词不定式表示的动作在谓语动词表示的动作之前发生Iamsorrytohaveinterruptyoujustnow.4）完成进行式：不定式表示的动作在谓语动词表示的动作之前开始发生，并延续到那个时候，可能仍在进行。Heissaidtohavebeenworkinginthisfactoryformorethantwentyyears.1.Thiscompanywasthefirst____portableradiosaswellascassettetaperecordersintheworld.A.producingB.toproduceC.havingproducedD.produced2.Thepurposeofnewtechnologyistomakelifeeasier,____itmoredifficult.A.notmakingB.notmakeC.nottomakeD.nortomake3.Helenhadtoshout______abovethesoundofthemusic.A.makingherselfhearB.tomakeherselfhearC.makingherselfheardD.tomakeherselfheard4.Thenewsreportershurriedtotheairport,only______thefilmstarshadleft.A.totellB.tobetoldC.tellingD.told5.Theteacheraskedus______somuchnoise.A.don’tmakeB.notmakeC.notmakingD.nottomake10.Asaresultofmylaziness,Ifailed________myworkintime.A.andfinishedB.tofinishC.andfinishingD.tofinished11.Iamsorry______writtenyoualetteratthetime.A.tohavenotB.tonothaveC.nottohaveD.nothaving12.Willyoulendhimamagazine_________?A.tobereadB.forreadingC.toreadD.heread13.Hecoulddonothingbut_______forthebus_________.A.wait,tocomeB.wait;comeC.waiting;comingD.waited;came14.Itisaproblemthatdoesn'tneed________rightnow.A.tosolveB.solvingC.beingsolvedD.tobesolving15.There’samanatthereceptiondeskwhoseemsveryangryandIthinkhemeans_______trouble.A.makingB.tomakeC.tohavemadeD.havingmade16.Iremember_______him_______thebikeneeded__________.A.hearing,saying,torepairB.tohear,say,torepairC.hearing,say,repairingD.tohear,saying,toberepaired17.---Youshouldhavethankedherbeforeyouleft.---Imeant_________,butwhenIwasleavingIcouldn’tfindheranywhere.A.todoB.toC.doingD.doingso18.Robertissaidto__________abroad,butIdon’tknowwhatcountryhestudiedin.A.tohavestudiedB.tostudyB.tobestudyingD.tohavebeenstudying6.I’dratherhavearoomofmyown,howeversmallitis,than_______aroomwithsomeoneelse.A.toshareB.tohaveshar