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12006历年MBA翻译模拟题荟萃－每日翻译自测(2)Inthelasthalfofthenineteenthcenturycapitalandlabourwereenlargingandperfectingtheirrivalorganisationsonmodernlines.Manyanoldfirmwasreplacedbyalimitedliabilitycompanywithabureaucracyofsalariedmanagers.Thechangemetthetechnicalrequirementsofthenewagebyengagingalargeprofessionalelementandpreventedthedeclineinefficiencythatsocommonlyspoiledthefortunesoffamilyfirmsinthesecondandthirdgenerationaftertheenergeticfounders.Itwasmoreoverastepawayfromindividualinitiative,towardscollectivismandmunicipalandstate-ownedbusiness.Therailwaycompanies,thoughstillprivatebusinessmanagedforthebenefitofshareholders,wereveryunlikeoldfamilybusiness.Atthesametimethegreatmunicipalitieswentintobusinesstosupplylighting,tramsandotherservicestothetaxpayers.Thegrowthofthelimitedliabilitycompanyandmunicipalbusinesshadimportantconsequences.Suchlarge,impersonalmanipulationofcapitalandindustrygreatlyincreasedthenumbersandimportanceofshareholdersasaclass,anelementinnationalliferepresentingirresponsiblewealthdetachedfromthelandandthedutiesofthelandowners;andalmostequallydetachedfromtheresponsiblemanagementofbusiness.Allthroughthenineteenthcentury,America,Africa,India,AustraliaandpartsofEuropewerebeingdevelopedbyBritishcapital,andBritishshareholderswerethusenrichedbytheworldsmovementtowardsindustrialisation.TownslikeBournemouthandEastbournespranguptohouselargecomfortableclasseswhohadretiredontheirincomes,andwhohadnorelationtotherestofthecommunityexceptthatofdrawingdividendsandoccasionallyattendingashareholdersmeetingtodictatetheirorderstothemanagement.OntheotherhandShareholdingmeantleisureandfreedomwhichwasusedbymanyofthelaterVictoriansforthehighestpurposeofagreatcivilization.Theshareholdersassuchhadnoknowledgeofthelives,thoughtsorneedsoftheworkmenemployedbythecompanyinwhichheheldshares,andhisinfluenceontherelationsofcapitalandlabourwasnotgood.Thepaidmanageractingforthecompanywasinmoredirectrelationwiththemenandtheirdemands,butevenhehadseldomthatfamiliarpersonalknowledgeoftheworkmenwhichtheemployerhadoftenhadunderthemorepatriarchalsystemoftheoldfamilybusinessnowpassingaway.Indeedthemeresizeofoperationsandthenumbersofworkmeninvolvedrenderedsuchpersonalrelationsimpossible.Fortunately,however,theincreasingpowerandorganisationofthetradeunions,atleastinallskilledtrades,enabledtheworkmentomeetonequaltermsthemanagersofthecompanieswhoemployedthem.Thecrueldisciplineofthestrikeandlockouttaughtthetwopartiestorespecteachothersstrengthandunderstandthevalueoffairnegotiation.3Rumorhasitthatmorethan20booksoncreationism/evolutionareinthepublisherspipelines.Afewhavealreadyappeared.Thegoalofallwillbetotrytoexplaintoaconfusedandoftenunenlightenedcitizenrythattherearenottwoequallyvalidcientifictheoriesfortheoriginandevolutionofuniverseandlife.Cosmology,2geology,andiologyhaveprovidedaconsistent,unified,andconstantlyimprovingaccountofwhathappened.Scientificcreationism,whichisbeingpushedbysomeforequaltimeintheclassroomswheneverthescientificaccountsofevolutionaregiven,isbasedonreligion,notscience.Virtuallyallscientistsandthemajorityofnon-fundamentalistreligiousleadershavecometoregardscientificcreationismasbadscienceandbadreligion.ThefirstfourchaptersofKitchersbookgiveaverybriefintroductiontoevolution.Atappropriateplaces,heintroducesthecriticismsofthecreationistsandprovidesanswers.Inthelastthreechapters,hetakesoffhisglovesandgivesthecreationistsagoodbeating.Hedescribestheirprogrammesandtactics,and,forthoseunfamiliarwiththewaysofcreationists,theextentoftheirdeceptionanddistortionmaycomeasanunpleasantsurprise.Whentheirbasicmotivationisreligious,onemighthaveexpectedmoreChristianbehavior.Kitcherisphilosopher,andthismayaccount,inpart,fortheclarityAndfectivenessofhisarguments.Thenon-specialistwillbeabletoobtainatleastanotionofthesortsofdataandargumentthatsupportevolutionarytheory.Thefinalchapteronthecreationistswillbeextremelycleartoall.Onthedustjacketofthisfinebook,StephenJayGouldsays:Thisbookstandsforreasonitself.Andsoitdoes—andallwouldbewellwerereasontheonlyjudgeinthecreationism/evolutiondebate.4AreportconsistentlybroughtbackbyvisitorstotheUSishowfriendly,courteous,andhelpfulmostAmericansweretothem.Tobefair,thisobservationisalsofrequentlymadeofCanadaandCanadians,andshouldbestbeconsideredNorthAmerican.Thereare,ofcourse,exceptions.Small-mindedofficials,rudewaiters,andill-manneredtaxidriversarehardlyunknownintheUS.Yetitisanobservationmadesofrequentlythatitdeservescomment.Foralongperiodoftimeandinmanypartsofthecountry,atravelerwasawelcomebreakinanotherwisedullexistence.Dullnessandlonelinesswerecommonproblemsofthefamilieswhogenerallyliveddistantfromoneanother.Strangersandtravelerswerewelcomesourcesofdiversion,andbroughtnewsoftheoutsideworld.Theharshrealitiesofthefrontieralsoshapedthistraditionofhospitality.Someonetravelingalone,ifhungry,injured,orill,oftenhadnowheretoturnexcepttothenearestcabinorsettlement.Itwasnotamatterofchoiceforthetravelerormerelyacharitableimpulseonthepartofthesettlers.Itreflectedtheharshnessofdailylife:ifyoudidnttakeinthestrangerand