博士学位论文全硫化聚丁二烯纳米橡胶粉末/聚丙烯共混体系的研究INVESTIGATIONONBLENDOFFULLYVULCANIZEDPOLYBUTADIENENANOPARTICLES/POLYPROPYLENEBYCOMPOUNDING刘宇光2009年5月国内图书分类号:TQ322.2TQ331.4学校代码:10213国际图书分类号:678密级:公开工学博士学位论文全硫化聚丁二烯纳米橡胶粉末/聚丙烯共混体系的研究博士研究生:刘宇光导师:黄玉东教授申请学位:工学博士学科、专业:化学工程与技术所在单位:化工学院答辩日期:2009年5月授予学位单位:哈尔滨工业大学ClassifiedIndex:TQ322.2TQ331.4U.D.C.:678DissertationfortheDoctoralDegreeinEngineeringINVESTIGATIONONBLENDOFFULLYVULCANIZEDPOLYBUTADIENENANOPARTICLES/POLYPROPYLENEBYCOMPOUNDINGCandidate:LiuYu-guangSupervisor:Prof.HuangYu-dongAcademicDegreeAppliedfor:DoctorofEngineeringSpeciality:ChemicalEngineeringTechnologyAffiliation:SchoolofChemicalEngineeringandTechnologyDateofDefence:May,2009Degree-Conferring-Institution:HarbinInstituteofTechnology摘要-I-摘要本研究采用胶乳预辐射硫化及喷雾干燥法制备了全硫化聚丁二烯纳米橡胶粉末(UFBR)。通过溶液和双螺杆挤出熔融共混法制备了PP/UFBR和PP/PP-g-MA/UFBR共混物并系统研究了不同PP/UFBR配比、不同马来酸酐接枝聚丙烯(PP-g-MA)含量对共混物的结晶、形态、力学和流变性能的影响规律,探讨了这种新型共混体系的增韧机理及熔体逾渗网络结构的形成机制,对PP的高性能化具有重要的理论和实用价值。通过60Coγ-射线或加速器电子束对聚丁二烯胶乳进行了预辐射硫化,采用喷雾干燥法制备出全硫化聚丁二烯纳米橡胶粉末。探讨了聚丁二烯与敏化体系的辐射交联机理以及不饱和单体的敏化效率及其对结构的影响;对甲基丙烯酸丁酯(n-MBA)与丙烯酸丁酯(n-BA)敏化体系进行系统的比较研究,发现n-MBA比n-BA具有更高的敏化效率和微观结构选择性。优化了组分配比、确定了胶乳预辐射硫化工艺参数。聚丁二烯的辐射交联遵循无规交联机理;而敏化体系的交联主要为不饱和单体的接枝共聚。凝胶分数仅与辐射剂量有关,而与辐射剂量率关系不大。FTIR分析结果表明,在辐射交联过程中聚丁二烯主链双键减少,并伴有羰基和羟基形成。由辐照前后的结构变化,可反映出UFBR粒子的表面性质的变化。原子力显微镜(AFM)的观察表明,UFBR粒子呈球状,但却呈现出明显的粒径差异,粒径范围增大为26~100nm,粒径分布仍在纳米尺度。辐射交联虽不能完全避免粒子的团聚,但却显著抑制了粒子间的粘连与永久聚集。证明胶乳预辐射硫化是制备橡胶纳米粉末粒子的有效方法。采用动态力学分析(DMA)方法,研究了辐射交联对聚丁二烯储能模量(E’)、损耗模量(E”)和内耗(tanδ)的影响规律。随辐射剂量增加,交联点密度增大,E’逐渐增大,E”减小,tanδ峰变窄且向高温偏移,玻璃化转变温度(Tg)由未辐照时的-75°C升高至-69°C,E’由4.161×106Pa增加至5.314×106Pa,均为形成较致密交联网络所致。DSC分析结果表明,UFBR粒子表面对聚丙烯结晶具有异相成核作用,使得结晶温度升高,熔点降低;同时,UFBR粒子对结晶生长也有阻碍,使得结晶速率降低。WAXD分析表明,UFBR使PP晶片厚度减小,晶面间距增加,有细化结晶的作用,同时,UFBR粒子更易诱发形成β晶,β晶相对含量随UFBR增加而增大。由于UFBR粒子表面被PP-g-MA覆盖,其异相成核与哈尔滨工业大学工学博士学位论文-II-细化结晶以及诱发β晶的作用减弱。PP/UFBR体系的抗冲击性能随UFBR含量增加而增大,昀大增至500%,但断裂伸长率下降;而PP/PP-g-MA/UFBRP体系的断裂伸长率昀高可达430.8%,表明界面粘合明显增强。用SEM可观察到明显的应力传递现象,力学性能决定于UFBR粒子含量和界面作用。针对PP/UFBR和PP/PP-g-MA/UFBRP体系的熔体流变行为进行了研究。发现动态流变行为对组成的变化有敏感响应。随UFBR含量增加,低频区域体系的复数粘度η*增大,储能模量G’(ω)曲线中出现第二平台,tanδ(ω)曲线出现峰值,缘于PP/UFBR熔体内部所形成的异相网络结构。PP-g-MA能强化界面作用,促进异相网络结构的形成,使发生逾渗转变的UFBR阈值显著降低。研究不同共混方式对UFBR粒子分布状态的影响,结果表明弱场条件下,有利于UFBR粒子的均匀分散,形成逾渗网络结构的临界浓度为10mass%;强场条件下,导致UFBR粒子聚集,阈值增至20mass%。但与其它纳米粒子填充体系比较,PP/UFBR体系的阈值均明显降低,表明UFBR粒子分散状态得到明显改善。PP/UFBR共混物与长链支化聚丙烯(LCBPP)具有相同的熔体流变学特征,UFBR粒子具有交联点的作用,限制PP熔体分子链的滑移,由应变硬化而提高熔体强度。因此,PP/UFBR共混还可能成为制备高熔体强度聚丙烯的新途径。关键词聚丙烯(PP);全硫化聚丁二烯纳米橡胶粉末(UFBR);辐射硫化;形态;流变性能Abstract-III-AbstractManyresearchershavefocusedondevelopingofcommercialpolymermaterialswithdesiredpropertiesandmultiplefunctions.Inthisstudy,anewkindoffullyvulcanizednano-powderrubberwaspreparedbyvacuumspraydryingmethodfrompre-irradiatedpolybutadienerubberlatex.BothPP/UFBRandPP/PP-g-MA/UFBRblendswerepreparedbysolutionmethodandmeltcompounding.TheinfluencesofthecompositionandratiooftheUFBRandmaleicanhydridegraftpolypropylene(PP-g-MA)concentrationonthecrystallizationproperties,morphologicalproperties,mechanicalpropertiesandrheologicalpropertiesoftheblendsweresystematicallyinvestigated.Itisespeciallyimportant,notonlyfromascientificpointofviewbutalsofromanindustrialpointofview,tostudythemechanismoftougheningandpercolationnetworkstructureformationforthisnewkindofPP/UFBRblends.Fullyvulcanizedpolybutadienenano-powder(UFBR)withnano-scaledistributionwasfirstlypreparedbyvacuumspraydryingtechnologyfromthecorrespondingpolybutadienerubberlatexpre-irradiatedbyγ-rayfrom60CoorE-beamfromelectronaccelerator.Themechanismofradiationcrosslinkingbyincorporationwithandwithoutunsaturationmonomerhasbeenevaluated,boththeinfluenceonmicrostructureandefficiencyofunsaturationmonomeronenhancementradiationvulcanizationwereinvestigated.Itisthefirsttimethatthen-butylmethacrylate(n-BMA)wasintroducedandevaluatedasunsaturationmonomerinthepolybutadienelatex,comparedwiththatofn-butylacrylate(n-BA)forenhancementradiationvulcanization.Theresultsshowedthatn-BMAissuperiorton-BAbothinenhancementefficiencyandstericalselectivity.Thelatexcompositionincorporatingwithoptimumconcentrationofunsaturationmonomerandirradiationprocessingconditionweredeterminedfortheconsequentuponpracticallatexpre-irradiation.ThecrosslinkingkineticsofneatPBL,fittingverywellwithCharlesby–Pinnerequation,ispredominatelyrandomcrosslinking.However,theenhancementsystemdisagreeswithCharlesby–Pinnerequationandevenfurtherwithincreasingadditionofmonomer,whichispredominatelygraftingmechanism.Gelfractioncloselyrelatestoirradiationdosageandlesstoirradiationdoserate.哈尔滨工业大学工学博士学位论文-IV-Fouriertransforminfrared(FTIR)spectroscopydemonstratedthattheabsorptionintensities,duetoC=Cstretching,decreasingwithincrementofirradiationdosage,whichattributesmainlytocrosslinking,andtheappearanceofabsorptionpeaksindicatetheformationofcarbonylgroupandhydroxylgrouprespectivelyduetooxidationduringirradiation.TheseresultsrevealedthemicrostructurechangesafterirradiationandprovidedinformationofsurfacepropertiesforUFBRparticle.Theatomicforcemicroscopy(AFM)demonstratedthattheUFBRparticlesobservedwithisolatedspheroidapproximately,haveasignificantdifferenceinsizediam