stylistics1definition&introduction文体学

黄勇博士[e-mail]stics“Takeanegg,andmakeaperforationinthebaseandacorrespondingoneintheapex.Andthen,applythelipstotheaperture,andbyfrociblyinhalingthebreath,theshellisentirelydischargedofitscontents.”“WhenIwasagal,theymadeaholeineachendandsucked.”I.ConceptsofStyle1.Aperson’sdistinctivelanguagehabits,orthesetofindividualcharacteristicsoflanguageusee.g.Hemingway’sstyleHenryJames’sstyleMarkTwain’sstyle2.Someorallofthelanguagehabitssharedbyagroupofpeopleatonetime,oroveraperiodoftime.e.g.Elizabethanstylethestyleoflegaldocumentthestyleofnewsreporting3.Acharacteristicof“good”or“beautiful”literarywritings.e.g.ornatestyletersestyleplainstyleDefinitionofstyleMannerindicatingprominentlinguisticfeatures,devicesorpatterns,most(orleast)frequentlyoccurinaparticulartextofaparticularvarietyoflanguage.II.ConceptsofStylistics1.Stylisticsisadisciplinethatstudiesthewaysinwhichlanguageisused;itisadisciplinethatstudiesthestylesoflanguageinuse.2.Stylisticsisabranchoflinguisticswhichappliesthetheoryandmethodologyofmodernlinguisticstothestudyofstyle.DefinitionofStylisticsStylisticsisabranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesstyleinascientificandsystematicwayconcerningthemanners/linguisticfeaturesofdifferentvarietiesoflanguageatdifferentlevels.LinguisticDescriptionThelevelofphonology/graphologyTheleveloflexisThelevelofsyntax/grammarThelevelofsemantics1.Thelevelofphonology/graphologyPhonologyisthestudyoftherulesfortheorganizationofthesoundsystemsofalanguage.Graphologyisthestudyofthewritingsystemofalanguage.2.TheleveloflexisLexicologystudiesthechoiceofspecificlexicalitemsinatext,theirdistributioninrelationtooneanother,andtheirmeanings.3.Thelevelofsyntax/grammar•Syntaxreferstorulesfororderingandconnecitngwordsintosentences.4.ThelevelofsemanticsSemanticsstudiestheoverallmeaningofatext,themeaningderivedfromthewaysentences/utterancesareusedandthewaytheyarerelatedtothecontextinwhichtheyareused/utteredandsomerhetoricdevices.LiteraryStylisticsGeneralStylisticsIII.TheScopeofStudiesLiterarystylistics:concentratingontheuniquefeaturesofvariousliteraryworks,suchaspoem,novel,prose,drama…Generalstylistics:concentratingonthegeneralfeaturesofvarioustypesoflanguageuse,includingliterarydiscoursesandotherpracticalstylesGeneralstylisticsGenres:newsreports,advertisements,publicspeeches,scientifictreatises,leagaldocumentsandotherpracticalstyles…Attitudes:formalandinformallanguageMediaofcommunication:spokenEnglish,writtenEnglish,e-discourseRegions:BritishEnglish,AmericanEnglishandotherregionaldialectsSocialgroups:standardandnon-standardlanguageIV.AbriefintroductiontothedevelopmentofstylisticsRhetoric(Aristotle)Beginning(CharlesBally)Development(L.Spitzer)Flourish(InvestigatingEnglishStyle)王佐良《英语文体学引论》秦秀白《英语文体学入门》钱瑗《实用文体学教程》王守仁《英语文体学要略》申丹《文学文体学与小说翻译》张德禄《功能文体学》V.StylisticsAnalysisThestylisticsanalysisofatextinvolvesthedescriptionofawriter’s/speaker’sverbalchoices.Stylisticsdoesnotreflecttheviewsoftheindividualcritic,butanimpersonal,reproducible‘truth’.VI.TheNeedForStylisticStudy(I)Stylisticstudyhelpscultivateasenseofappropriateness*Whospeakswhatlanguagetowhomandwhen*Properwordsinproperplacesmakethetruedefinitionofastyle.--SwiftFirst,acertainstyleisdeterminedbythecharacteristicsoftheUSERoflanguage,suchastheage,sex,education,socio-regionalorethnicbackground.Second,it’srelatedtothecharacteristicsoftheUSEoflanguageinsituation:#role-relationshipbetweenaddresserandaddressee(degreeofintimacy)#mediumofcommunication(speechorwriting)#setting:privateorpublic#purposeforwhichlanguageisused(toinform,persuade…)ForExample:(1)DearSir,Imustapologizeforthedelayinreplyingtoyourletterofthe30thofDecember…(2)DearJane,I’mterriblysorrynottohavegotroundtowritingbeforenow…1.Nowallowmetoproposeatoasttothefriendshipbetween…2.Here’stothehealthofourfriends!3.Cheers!4.Bottomsup!Forexample:Whenhisdaddied,Peterhadtogetanotherjob.Afterhisfather’sdeath,Peterhadtochangehisjob.Onthedeceaseofhisfather,Mr.Brownwasobligedtoseekalternativeemployment.II.StylisticstudysharpenstheunderstandingandappreciationofliteraryworksDeviation:thebreakingofnormalrulesoflinguisticstructureRepetition:theoveruseofaparticularlinguisticfeaturesForegroundinge.g.amonthago(normal)agriefago(abnormal)ajoyago(abnormal)ahappinessago(abnormal)III.StylisticstudyhelpsachieveadaptationintranslationForexample1.Whoevertriestotwistyouup,maytheendofhisnosetakeatwist.（1）谁要想捉弄你，谁的鼻子尖就会弄歪。（2）谁骗你，谁就不得好死。2.他对小儿子说，“那时候，干一天活儿累得连炕都上不去，浑身疼得要命，睡也睡不着。”(1)Hesaidtohislittleson,“Atthattime,Iwassofatiguedafteraday’sdrudgerythatIfounditveryhardtomountthekang.Mywholeframeachingacutely,Icouldn’tgotosleephoweverhardItried.”(2)Hesaidtohislittleson,“Inthosedays,Iwasusuallysodoneupafteraday’shardworkthatIcouldhardlygetonthekang.Asmywholebodyachedlikeanything,Isimplycouldn’tgettosleepevenItriedto.3.Forexample:(1)Ithasbeennotedwithconcernthatthestockofbooksinthelibraryhasbeendecliningalarmingly.Studentsarerequestedtoremindthemselvesoftherulesoftheborrowingandreturningofbooks,andtobearinmindtheneedsofotherstudents.Penaltiesforoverduebookwillin