JamesFenimoreCooper1789-1851HewasaprolificandpopularAmericanwriteroftheearly19thcentury.CooperlivedthefirsttenyearsofhislifeinNewJersey.Shortlyafterhisfirstbirthday,hisfamilymovedtoCooperstown,NewYork,acommunityfoundedbyhisfather,whowasaUnitedStatesCongressman.•Attheageof13,CooperwasenrolledatYale,but,afterincitingadangerousprankthatinvolvedblowingupanotherstudent'sdoor,Cooperwasexpelledinhisthirdyearwithoutcompletinghisdegree.•Disenchantedwithcollege,Cooperobtainedworkin1806asasailorandattheageof17joinedthecrewofamerchantvessel.•By1811,heobtainedtherankofmidshipmaninthefledglingUnitedStatesNavy,conferredtohimonanofficer'swarrantsignedbyThomasJefferson.•AttwentyCooperinheritedafortunefromhisfather.•CooperspentthelastyearsofhislifebackinCooperstownHediedofdropsyonSeptember14,1851,thedaybeforehis62ndbirthday.HisintermentwasinChristEpiscopalChurchyard.Hisworksandthemes•ThePrecaution《戒备》(1820)•第一部作品,小说写他未曾经历过的英国上层社会的生活,很不成功SocialandHistoricalnovels(revolutionarypast)革命历史小说•TheSpy《间谍》(1821)(书:P104)•ItisaboutespionageagainsttheBritishduringtheRevolutionaryWar.•故事发生在独立战争时期两军争夺的要地韦斯切斯特。小说中成功地塑造了一个爱国的英雄哈维·柏契。他是贫穷的小贩,受起义军总司令华盛顿的派遣去刺探敌方的情报,在极其危险的环境中勇敢地执行任务,革命胜利后仍当小贩。Twokindsofimmenselypopularstories:theseaadventuretale,andthefrontiersaga.(书P105)Seaadventuretale海上冒险小说:•ThePilot《舵手》(1824)•TheRedRover《红色的海盗》(1827)•AfloatandAshore《海上与岸上》(1844)•JackTier《杰克.梯耶尔》(1848)•TheSeaLions《海狮》(1849)•ThePilot《舵手》(1824)(书P105第二段)•《舵手》以美国独立战争为背景,以当时著名的船长JohnPaulJones(约翰·保尔·琼斯)为原型,写“舵手”奉命前往英国海岸绑架英国上校霍沃德时被擒,设法逃脱,后来在海上经过多次战斗终于获胜,有不少惊险情节。Frontiersaga边疆冒险:•LeatherstockingTales《皮袜子故事集》(1832-1841)(书P105)•LeatherstockingTalesisaseriesofnovelssetintheearlyfrontierperiodofAmericanhistory.•TheDeerslayer猎鹿人(1841):depictsNattyBumppo'sexperiencesasayoungman.Theeventstakeplaceinthe1840sintheupstateNewYork,whereDeerslayerisjoinedbyhisMohicanfriend,Chingachgook,torescuetwofrontiersmen.•TheLastoftheMohicans《最后的莫西干人》:issetinthe1757duringtheSevenYears'WarbetweentheFrenchandtheBritish.Hawkeye/BumppoandhisfriendsChingachgookandUncaswithagroupofEnglishciviliansarebetrayedbytheirIndianguideMagua.HawkeyerevengesthedeathofhisfriendUncasandanEnglishlady,Cora,andkillsMagua.•这部小说以英军司令的两个女儿前往司令部的经历为线索,展开了在原始森林中的探路、追踪、伏击、战斗等惊险情节的描写。•(1840)ThePathfinder《探路者》:•isalsosetduringthewar,andtellsastoryofbetrayalandlove.JasperWestern,asailorissuspectedofbeingdisloyaltotheEnglish,isarrestedtothedespairofMabel,whoisinlovewithhim.TherealtraitorisMuir-thelieutenantwhohadaccusedJasper.HeiskilledbyArrowhead,aTuscaroraIndian.•(1823)ThePioneers《拓荒者》:•issetin1793inOtsegoCountyintherecentlysettledregionofNewYorkState.NattyBumppo,nowknownasLeatherstocking,andhisfriendOliverEdwardsbefriendJudgeTempleandhisdaughterElisabeth.ChingachgookdiesinaforestfireinspiteofBumppo'seffortstosavehim.OliverEdward'slostgrandfatherisfoundandOliverandElisabetharebetrothedattheend.•描写独立战争后纽约州开发地上的小城镇生活。因使用鹿皮护腿而得到“皮袜子”绰号的纳蒂·班波在森林中以狩猎为生,与印第安人为伍,因两次救过法官的女儿,法官企图把班波置于他所代表的“文明”的保护之下。班波不喜爱这种“文明”,走向西部未开发的土地去过他热爱的森林生活。小说中还穿插描写传奇式的爱情故事。•(1827)ThePrairie《大草原》:issetin1804.NattyBumppomeetsawagontrainandhelpsittoevadeanIndianraidingparty.Thetravellersendureaprairiefire,abuffalostampede,andcapturebytheSioux.IntheendofthetaleBumppopeacefullydiesontheprairie,surroundedbyhisfriends.”Avaliant,ajust,andawisewarrior,hasgoneonthepathwhichwillleadhimtotheblessedgroundsofhispeople!hesaid.WhenthevoiceoftheWahcondahcalledhim,hewasreadytoanswer.Go,mychildren;rememberthejustchiefofthePalefaces,andclearyourowntracksfrombriers!TheLastoftheMohicans主要人物•NathanielPoe纳蒂·邦波•CoraMunro科拉•Chingachgook钦加哥•Uncas恩卡斯•AliceMunro艾丽斯•Maj.DuncanHeyward邓肯•Magua马瓜•Col.EdmundMunro威廉·亨利堡司令孟罗人物关系图Munro求助韦伯将军CoraAliceNathanielPoe跳崖Chingachgook养父子关系Uncas亲父子MaguakillkillDuncan爱慕主要剧情•BecauseofthewarbetweenBritainandFrancein1757,manyoriginalinhabitantsinthewestareaofHusdonriverweredead,andonlyleftChingachgook钦加哥andhisson,Uncas恩卡斯.NathanielPoe纳蒂·邦波washisadoptedson.TheysavedCoraMunro科拉andhersisterAliceMunro艾丽斯whentheyontheirwaytotheirfather---Col.EdmundMunro’s威廉·亨利堡司令孟罗campsite.Theysufferedalotinthevirginforest.Whentheyarrived,theywerebesiegedbyFrench.Withouthelp,theysurrenderedtofrench,buthuntedbyMagua.InordertosaveCoraandAlice,Uncaswaskilledbymagua,andonlyleftChingachgookalone----TheLastofMohicans.•小说以威廉·亨利堡司令孟罗上校的两个女儿卡拉和艾丽斯,前往堡垒探望父亲途中被劫持的经历为主线,展开了在原始森林中追踪、伏击、战斗等一系列惊险情节的描写。主人公纳蒂·邦波,此时已做了英军的侦察员,并已获得“鹰眼”的绰号,他和他的老友莫希干族酋长“大蟒蛇”钦加哥,以及钦加哥的儿子“快腿鹿”恩卡斯挺身而出,为了救出姐妹俩,和劫持者展开了一场惊心动魄的斗争,最后以一场大厮杀而告终。背景故事发生在十八世纪五十年代末期,英法两国为争夺北美殖民地而进行的“七年战争”的第三年,地点是在赫德森河的源头和乔治湖一带。当时,这儿是一片腥风血雨的战场。故事便发生在此。作者的意图主旨•抨击英法殖民者,赞扬莫西干人得正直勇敢。并表达出对印第安部落消亡的同情和愤慨。作者把本书取名为《最后的莫希干人》,就有着令人心酸的悲哀音调。正直、勇敢的莫希干人恩卡斯和美丽善良的科拉之死,也不无更深的寓意:随着他们的死去,他们心灵上的那种美德和纯洁的感情也消亡了,留下的只是笼罩在美洲大地上的那些贪婪、残暴的恶意和邪念。电影片段欣赏库珀对他所描写的边地生活并无切身的了解,但他却描写得异常生动,在把美国的印第安人描写的淡泊而明智上颇有影响。晚年他甚至支持美国对墨西哥的侵略战争。1851年9月14日去世。十九世纪二十年代初,美国才开始摆脱对英国文学的依附,真正诞生了美国的民族文学。而书写这个文学的代表人物,是欧文和库柏,他们同为美国民族文学的先驱者和奠基人,欧文被称为“美国文学之父”,而库柏则是“美国小说的鼻祖”。库柏的地位