修辞与文体Publicspeech

PublicSpeech•Publicspeechesincludespeechesatgatherings,academiclectures,religiouspreaches,etc.•Althoughpublicspeechesareoralpractices,yetmostofthemhavetobepreparedbeforehandinwrittenform.Ifatypeofspeakingisadailypractice,suchaslecturingdailytothestudents,itmaynotbesoformalastorequireapreparationofcommittingeverywordtopaper.Writinganoutlineforthespeechmayservethepurpose••Butifitisaveryformalspeakingtothepublic,suchasspeakingatamassmeeting,afull-lengthtextofthespeechhastobeprepared.Formalpublicspeechescaremuchaboutrhetoricaleffect.Somepublicspeechesarequiteargumentative.Onedistinctivefeaturesofpublicspeechisappealtoemotions.•Structureofpublicspeech•Atthepresenttime,bothoralspeechandwrittencompositionuniversallyacceptthethree-partdivision:theintroduction,thebody(argumentforrgumentativespeechorwriting)andtheconclusion.Inapublicspeech,thereshouldbeasalutationprecedingtheintroducingparagraph.•Structureofpublicspeech•1)Salutation•A.Theinclusivenessofsalutation•B.Theappropriatenessofsalutation•2)Introduction•3)Argument•4)Conclusion•1)Salutation•Forapublicspeech,justlikealetter,thesalutationisindispensable.Anappropriatesalutationnotonlyshowspolitenesstotheaddressees,butalsobringsaboutintimacybetweenthespeakerandtheaudience.Thereareatleasttwopointstobemadeclearconcerningthesalutation.Oneisinclusivenessandtheotherisappropriateness.•A.Theinclusivenessofsalutation•Salutationinaspeechmustbeinclusive.thatis,thespeakershouldsaluteallthosepeoplewhoarelisteningtoyourspeech.Neglectorcarelessomissionofanyofthemwillcausediscontent,evenseriousconsequences.Don’tfeelbotheredtoincludealltheaddresseesinyoursalutation.B.Theappropriatenessofsalutation•Salutationsmayvaryfromoccupations(suchasSenators,Judges),totitles(suchasPresident,Chairman),tohonorific(suchasYourMajesty,YourExcellency,YourEminence,YourHoliness,HolyFather),togender(Ladies,Gentlemen).Orsimplytorelationshipsbetweemthespeakerandaudience(FellowStudents,FellowCountrymen,Guests),etc.•Allthesesalutationsmuststrictlyconformtotheidentitiesoftheaudience.•Inmodernspeeches,honorificsalutationsareusedonlytosaluteroyaltiesorimportantreligiouspeople.GovernmentleadersorotherimportantfigurescansimplybesalutedasMr.(Mrs.)+Title,suchasMr.President,Mrs.Cliton,Mr.Chairman,orAmbassador.•2)Introduction•Ausualformalintroductionofaspeech,justlikeapieceofwriting,maybeoneparagraphinwhichthethemeorcentralideaisintroduced.•Apartfromthecentralideathatshouldbestatedintheintroduction,thespeakeroftentriestosaysththatcancreateanatmosphereofintimacybetweenthespeakerandtheaudience.•3)Argument•Thespeakershoulddevotemostofhisspeakingtothemiddlepart,theargumentofthespeech.Theargumentmayconsistofmanyparagraphsandbedividedintoseveralpartsforelaborationordetaileddiscussion.•4)Conclusion•Astheconclusionofapieceofwriting,theendinginaspeechmayvaryaccordingtothedifferenttopics:asummaryofthewholespeech,aspeculationofthefuture,suggestionstosolveproblems,andveryoftenthanksfortheaudiencetoattendhisorherspeech.•LanguageFeaturesofPublicSpeech•1)SyntacticalFeatures•A)Theuseofshortsentences•B)TheuseofParallelisms•C)TheuseofRepetitions•D)TheuseofRhetoricalQuestions•2)LexicalFeatures•A)Theuseofshortbutformalwords•B)Figurativeuseofwords•C)Usingwordsappealingtoemotions•LanguageFeaturesofPublicSpeech•1)SyntacticalFeatures•Inpublicspeeches,simplesentencesandshortcompoundorcomplexsentencesarethemainpatternsused,withsomealternationbetweenthemfromtimetotime.Mostofthesesentencesaredeclarativeandgrammaticallycorrect.Butinordertoincreaserhetoricaleffect,thespeakermayalsoemploysomespecialsentencesorstructuressuchasinterrogativesentences,sentenceswithparallelstructures,sentenceswithrepetitions.•A)Theuseofshortsentences•Apublicspeechisaformalspokenformoflanguage.Itcannotuselongcomplicatedsentences.•B)TheuseofParallelisms•Parallelismsorparallelstructurescanbeusednotonlytohelporder,clarify,emphasize,andbeautifyathought,butalsotocreatesomerhythmiceffect.•A.forwhatyousaid,andforwhatyouaredoing•B.forchildrenintheworld,forthehomeless,forthevictimsofinjustice.•C.lightanddarkness,duskanddawn,crimeandpunishment,crueltyandcompassion,goodandevil•C)TheuseofRepetitions•Repetition,aspecialkindofparallelism,ismoreemphaticandmoreaestheticallyeffective.•A.Thevictimsofinjustice,thevictimsofdestinyandsociety•B.somuchviolence,somuchindifference,•C.ourwork,ourdreams,ourhopes.D)TheuseofRhetoricalQuestions•Rhetoricalquestionsaremorepersuasivethandirectstatement.•A.doweheartheirpleas?dowefeeltheirpain,theiragony?•B.isitaphilosophy?Isthereaphilosophyofindifferenceconceivable?Canonepossiblyviewindifferenceasavirtue?•2)LexicalFeatures•A)Theuseofshortbutformalwords•Shortformalwordsarepreferredinpublicspeeches.Pronounsofthefirstandsecondpersonsaremorefrequentlyused.•B)Figurativeuseofwords•a.Metaphors•b.Oxymorons•C)Usingwordsappealingtoemotions•Weobservetodaynotavictoryofparty,butacelebrationoffreedom,symbolizinganend,aswellasabeginning;signifyingrenewal,aswellaschange.ForIhaveswornbeforeyouandAlmightyGodthesamesolemnoathourforebearsprescribednearlyacenturyandthreeq