公文文体与翻译

Nov.2015InformativeSpeechPersuasiveSpeechArgumentativeSpeechDemonstrationSpeechPolicySpeechResearchPaper–Thebiographyofyourfavoriteactor–Howtomakepizza–Thehistoryofcomicbooks–Howtochangeyourcar’soil–Thestoryofhowyourschoolwasfounded–Howtopickabottleofwine–Thehistoryofyourhometown–Howtoswingagolfclub–Trendsinthestockmarket–Howtodriveastick-shift–Historyofafavoriteproductbrand–Howtoshootabasketball–Descriptionoflifeinanothercountry–Howtoweaveabasketsupportingmaterialtoenhancetheaudience’sunderstandingofyourtopic.Someformsofsupportinclude:ExamplesStatisticsFactsExpertopinions•Examples•It’sawholedifferentexperiencewhenthespeakerusesanexamplethatillustratestheabstractidea.•Statistics•Statisticscanbeinterestingandinformativeifusedcorrectly.Thekeyistopickstatisticsthatareparticularlystartlingorshocking.Aslongasthestatisticsaddtothequalityofthespeech,andtheydon’tmisrepresentthesituation,theycanbeusedliberally.•Facts•A“fact”isanybitofinformationthatbeverifiedasbeing“true”.Wheneveryoupresentfactsinaspeech,youshouldcitethesourceofthosefactssothattheaudiencebelievesthemtobecredible.•ExpertOpinionExpertopinion,however,canandshouldbeusedinaninformativespeech.Expertopinioninvolvesusingexcerptsandquotationsfrompeoplewhoarehighlyrespectedinthefieldaboutwhichyouarespeaking.•Inordertoholdtheattentionoftheaudience,thespeakershouldrememberseveralthings.•usingdescriptivelanguagetocreatevividmentalpictureswillkeeptheaudienceentertained.•stirringemotionintheaudiencewillprovokethemtocareaboutthesubject.Afterall,iflistenersdon’tcareaboutatopicthey’reunlikelytostayfocusedorformanopiniononit.•findinganangle•Forexample,mostpeopleagreethatsmokingcigarettesisbadfortheirhealth,andwillmostlikelybeboredbyaspeechonthistopic.Ifthespeakerwishestoaddressatobaccotopic,perhapstheyshouldnarrowthefocusofthespeechtocontroversiallaws,highertaxes,ormethodstopreventsmokinginyouth.•Choosingafresh,newangleonafamiliartopicwillhelpthespeakertocreateacaptiveaudience.3maincomponentsofpersuasivespeechstructure:IntroductionBodyConclusion•Grabattention•Doorsaysomethingshocking,intriguing,ordramatictogetattentionoftheaudiencefromtheveryfirstminutes.•Stateyourtopic•Announcewhatyourspeechisabout,andyourposition.•Previewstatement•Introducemainpointsofyourspeech.–Introduceyourtopic–Youneedtoexplainyourtopictothosepeoplewhodonotknowaboutit.Donotgointothedetails,simpledefinitionisenough.Thisspeechelementisrequired.–Explainyourpoint–Thisiswhereyouexplainyourviewindetail.•Stateyourpoint•StateaReason•GiveanExample•RestatethePointSummary.Restatethesisandmainpoints.Calltoaction.•TheAncientGreekphilosopherAristotleidentifiedthreetacticswhichpersuasivespeakershadavailabletopersuadeanaudience,whichhecalledEthos,Pathos,andLogos.•2300多年前的古希腊哲学家Aristotle（亚里斯多德）在他的《雄辩的艺术》(TheArtofRhetoric)这本书里就曾经论述过：一次成功的演说只有包含了“ethos,logosandpathos”这三方面才会有效果和说服力。ETHOS——representsthecharacterorimage从词源来说ethos源于希腊语词ethikos，表示“moralorshowingmoralcharacter”。亚里斯多德认为一个演说者在开始阶段必须在听众中建立一种“道德可信度”，即moralcredibility。Aristotlesaidthatifanaudiencewasn’tparticularlyinterestedinandwillingtothinkaboutthetopicathandthataspeakercouldbepersuasivesimplybydemonstratingtotheaudiencethattheyweresomeonewhowasbothcredibleandtrustworthy.PATHOS——representstheemotioninargumentpathos最初源于希腊语，其原始含义表示“tosuffer,endure”。当人有了情绪（如愤怒、同情、恐惧等），身体就在suffer和endure。我们会说情绪致病也是这个道理。pathos引出一个医学词根path-就表示“disease”，故pathology就是“病理学”，其同源词还有pathetic（可怜的—生病时的痛苦状态）、sympathy（同情—与对方一同感受病痛）等等。•AfewexamplesofPathosappeals:•a.AppealtoFear–Thespeakerarousesfearintheaudiencebydescribingsomethingbadthatcouldhappen,thentellstheaudiencethatthecanberelievedofthatfearbysimplydoingwhatthespeakerdesires.•b.AppealtoSocialSupport–Thespeakertellstheaudiencethattheirperspectiveisapopularone.Theaudienceissupposedtothinkthatbecausethepositionissopopular,itmusthavesomemerit.c.AppealtoScarcity–Thespeakershowstheaudiencehowtheycangetsomemoreofascarcecommodity(usuallytimeormoney)bydoingwhatthespeakerdesires.d.AppealtoAuthority–Thespeakertellstheaudiencethatpeople“intheknow”supportthespeaker’sperspective.LOGOS——representsthelogicalargumentLogos这个希腊语词所代表的意思就是逻辑性和条理性。在前苏格拉底时代的哲学里，logos表示“人类对宇宙认识的理论”；在犹太教信奉的旧约圣经里，logos表示“thewordofGod”，翻译过来就是“创造万物的力量”，是上帝与人类交流的媒介。Your“claim”isthepositionyousupport,your“evidence”isthevariousfacts,stories,statistics,experttestimony,andotherbackingthatdemonstratesthatyourpositionisthepositionwhichtheaudienceshouldalsosupport.亚里斯多德在书中更多的是强调运用“三段论”(syllogisms)的逻辑推理法来阐明自己的观点。E.g.Manismortal.Socratesisaman.Socratesismortal.这种三段论是由大前提，小前提，最后推导出结论。Examplesofpublicspeeches1.FirstInauguralAddressbyJ.F.Kennedy2.ToastbyR.Nixonin1972Weobservetodaynotavictoryofparty,butacelebrationoffreedom,symbolizinganend,aswellasabeginning;signifyingrenewal,aswellaschange.ForIhaveswornbeforeyouandAlmightyGodthesamesolemnoathandourforbearsprescribednearlyacenturyandthreequartersago.今天我们庆祝的不是政党的胜利，而是自由的胜利。这象征着一个结束，也象征着一个开端；意味着延续也意味看变革。因为我已在你们和全能的上帝面前，宣读了我们的先辈在170多年前拟定的庄严誓言。Inyourhands,myfellowcitizens,morethaninmine,willrestthef