中科院英语论文写作指导

WritingforScienceJournalsContentsChapter1Introduction:GeneralRemarksChapter2Introduction:TheExperimentalResearchReportChapter3Introduction:EstablishingaContextChapter4Introduction:ReviewingPreviousResearchChapter5Introduction:AdvancingtoPresentResearchContentsChapter6MethodChapter7MaterialsChapter8ResultsChapter9DiscussionChapter10AbstractOutlineWhentoWrite---EssenceofanArticleWhattoWrite---EssentialsofanArticlePreparingtoWriteWriting---FormatWriting---TipsTheReviewProcessAbstractWritingWhentoWrite?Anarticleisanarticleif:–ItmakesacontributionHaveIdiscoveredsomethingnew?HaveIadvancedthestateoftheart?Willpeoplewanttocitemypaper?Avoidthe“thin-section”or“LPU”(LeastPublishableUnit)approach.TheLeastPublishableUnitSyndrome(“QuantitynotQuality”)1idea4journalpapers16extendedabstracts64technicalreports“Publicationpyramidofsuccess”AfterD.A.PattersonWhentoWrite?Anarticleisanarticleif:–ItmakesacontributionHaveIdiscoveredsomethingnew?HaveIadvancedthestateoftheart?Willpeoplewanttocitemypaper?Avoidthe“thin-section”or“LPU”approach.Avoidthe“KitchenSink”approach(toobroad).–TheresultsaresupportedbysolidevidenceExperimental,Statistical,etc.–OtherscanreplicatetheresultsWhattoWrite?Anarticlemustcontainexplanationsof:–ItsimportanceWhyyoushouldreadthis?Needsclearunderstandingandstatementoftheresearchissuesinthefield.–ThescientificbasisfortheworkE.g.,followsasconsequenceofexistingtheory,understandingofphysicalprocesses,etc.–Researchmethodologyandexperimentaldesign–Analysisandresults–Conclusions(implications)PreparingtoWrite(StrategicSuggestions)Studythejournal–LookatbackissuesHavearticlesappearedonrelatedtopics?Studyreferencesinrelatedarticles–Lookforeditorialstatements–Studylength,format,andotherrequirementsin“InstructionstoAuthors”E.g.,Color?CanIaffordthepagecharges?WritingFormatGeneralPrinciple:MaketheEditorHappy!!–Ifformatisrigidlyspecified,useit!–Ifnot,formatshouldfollowfromessenceandessentials:Abstract–Aclearstatementofproblem,methods,andresultsWritingFormatGeneralPrinciple:MaketheEditorHappy!–Ifformatisrigidlyspecified,conform.–Ifnot,shouldfollowfromessenceandessentials:Abstract–Aclearstatementofproblem,methods,andresultsIntroduction–Context:Relationofyourworktoprevious,whyimportant(verification),whatquestionswillbeaddressedTheoretical/ScientificBasisMethodologyResultsConclusionsWritingTipsGeneralPrinciple:MaketheEditorHappy!!–Don’twriteamysterynovel–Avoidtheurgetocomplicate–Watchlength(toolongortooshort?)–UseactivevoiceNo:“ItisseeninTable5”Yes:“Table5shows”–Limit“while”and“since”toappropriateuseNo:“Whileothershavefound…”Yes:“Althoughothershavefound…”–Qualify“this”whenreferringtoprevioussentencesNo:“Thisaccountsfor…”Yes:“Thisreductioninsoilmoistureaccountsfor…”WritingTipsPayattentiontoParagraphStructure–TopicsentenceInselectingageneralapproachforusabilityengineering,wefirstconsideredtheworkofGabbardetal.(1999),whichwasrecommendedbySlocumetal.(2001)aspotentiallyappropriateforabroadrangeofgeovisualizationapplications.Gabbardetal.’sapproachinvolvesfourmajorsteps:ananalysisofpotentialusertaskspriortosoftwaredevelopment,anevaluationofthesoftwarebyusabilityexperts,havingactualusersworkwithabroadrangeofsoftwarefunctions,andacomparativeevaluation…WritingTipsPayattentiontoParagraphStructure–Topicsentence–PutreferencestofiguresandtablesearlyinparagraphReferringtoaFigureAsaresult,wedecidedtoimplementthesix-stepprocessshowninFigure2.Webeganbydevelopingasoftwareprototypelargelybasedonthethirdauthor’sdomainexpertiseinwaterbalancemodelsandclimatology.Becausewefeltthethatresultingsoftwaremightbebiasedtowardthethirdauthor’sinterests,weaskeddomainexpertstoevaluatethesoftwareinstep2.Ourthinkingwasthatthedomainexpertsmightsuggestanumberoftasksthatwehadnotthoughtofimplementing…WritingTipsPayattentiontoParagraphStructure–Topicsentence–PutreferencestofiguresandtablesearlyinparagraphBecarefulhowothers’workischaracterizedUse%-signsintableentries(notincaptions)EffectiveFigures–Graphicelements–Axes(titlesandunits)–LongcaptionsarebetterthanlongdescriptionsintextWritingTips(TacticalSuggestions,Continued)WritingTips(TacticalSuggestions,Continued)StepsinManuscriptProduction:1.Prepare1-pageoutline2.PrepareParagraphMap–Pseudo-code:topicsentences,hand-drawnfiguresandcaptions,tableplaceholders3.WriteDraft4.Spellandgrammarcheck5.Readoutloud6.Repeat(3)-(5)7.Showtocolleague(s)8.Repeat(3)-(5)WritingTips(TacticalSuggestions,Continued)WhyGuess?ConsulttheExperts:–RobertWeissberg,andSuzanneBuker,WritingUpResearch,PrenticeHall,Inc1990.–StrunkandWhite,TheElementsofStyle,4thed.,AllynandBacon,1999–Flower,ProblemSolvingStrategiesforWriting,4thed.,Heinle,1997–Tufte,VisualDisplayofQuantitativeExplanation,2ndEd.,GraphicsPress,2003(andotherTuftebooks)–OtherarticlesastemplatesandexamplesTheReviewProcessGeneralPrinciple:KeeptheEditorHappy!–He/shehasinvestedinyou–Showtimeliness&good-faithefforttofollowUnderstandtheEditor’sroleUnderstandtheReviewer’sroleKnowthat:–Nearlyallarticlesrequirerevision,andusuallytworeviewcycles–Reviewers