化合物英文命名规则

SupplementaryInformationofSpecialtyEnglish(专业英语补充信息）——Nomenclatureofcompounds（化合物构词法）ZhangBaohuaCollegeofEnvironmental&[e-mail]ompounds（无机化合物构词法）1.Trivialname（俗名）H2OwaterCaOquicklime（生石灰）NH3ammonia（复）ammonium（单）K2CO3potash（草木灰）CaCO3limestone（石灰石）Hg2Cl2Calomel(甘汞)I.Nomenclatureofinorganiccompounds2.Ifthereareonlytwoelementsinthecompounds（化合物）,itiscustomary（习惯上）tonamethemoremetallic（金属性）elementfirstandthelessmetallic,ormoreelectronegative（电负性）elementsecond,withthesuffix（后缀）“ide”.若化合物中仅有两种元素，习惯上先命名金属性强的元素，后命名金属性弱的元素，再加上ide作为后缀KpotassiumNasodiumCacalciumBabariumSsulfurHhydrogenClchlorineBrbromineOoxygenIiodineKClpotassiumchlorideNaBrsodiumbromideBaSbariumsulfideCaOcalciumoxideHIhydrogeniodideI.Nomenclatureofinorganiccompounds3.Forcompoundscontainingstillonlytwoelementsbutmorethantwoatoms（原子）,theprefixes（前缀）“mono-”,“di-”,“tri-”,etc.becomenecessary.对于仅含两种元素、但多于两个原子的化合物，加“mono-”,“di-”,“tri-”等前缀很有必要(1)mono-,(2)di-,(3)tri-,(4)tetra-,(5)penta-,(6)hex-,(7)hept-,(8)octa-Cl2Odi-chlorinemonoxideClOchlorinemonoxideClO2chlorinedioxideClO3chlorinetrioxideCl2O7di-chlorineheptoxideClO4chlorinetetroxideI.NomenclatureofinorganiccompoundsAnd“-ous”,“-ic”werealsousedtodenote（表示）thelowerandhighermetallicstate.用“-ous”表示低价化合物，用“-ic”表示高价化合物I.NomenclatureofinorganiccompoundsCuIcuprousiodideCuI2cupriciodideFeBr2ferrousbromideFeBr3ferricbromideSnCl2stannouschlorideSnCl4stannicchlorideHNO3nitricacidHNO2nitrousacidI.NomenclatureofinorganiccompoundsTheelementsymbolsnotfromEnglishsymbolEnglishLatinsymbolEnglishLatinCucoppercuprumAugoldaurumSbautimonystibiumFeironferrumPbleadPlumbumAgSilverarrgentumHgmercuryhydrargyrumNaSodiumNatriumKpotassiumkaliumSntinstannumI.Nomenclatureofinorganiccompounds4.Aclassofcompoundsinwhichsuchprefixesareseldomusedisthatinwhichthemetalatomusuallyexhibits（展现）onlyoneoxidationstate.当化合物中的金属元素仅有一种价态，通常很少加前缀ZnBr2zincbromideCaH2calciumhydrideNa2OsodiumoxideAl2S3aluminumsulfideI.Nomenclatureofinorganiccompounds5.Threeelementspresent,suchcompoundsarenamedbycombiningthesuffix“-ate”withthenameofthelesselectronegativeofthetwononmetallicelements.And“-ite”,“-ate”areusedtodenotethelowerandhigheroxidationstateofthesameelectronegativeelement.含三种元素的化合物是通过在两种非金属元素中电负性较弱的一种之后加后缀“-ate”来命名的。对于电负性相同的元素，用“-ite”表示低价元素，用“-ate”表示高价元素NaNO3sodiumnitrateNaNO2sodiumnitriteI.NomenclatureofinorganiccompoundsWhentherearemorethantwooxidationstatesoftheelectronegativeelement,prefixused.Theprefix“hypo-”meaning“below”,isusedinthenameofthelowestoxidationstate.Theprefix“per-”meaning“highest”,isusedwhenitisinthehighestoxidationstate.当电负性较低的元素有超过两种价态时，就使用前缀。前缀“hypo-”表示“低于”，用于低价态之前；前缀“per-”表示“高于”，用于高价态之前I.NomenclatureofinorganiccompoundsFormulaOxidationstateoflesselectronegativeatomNameofsaltKNO2+3PotassiumnitriteKNO3+5PotassiumnitrateRbSO3+4RubidiumsulfiteRbSO4+6RubidiumsulfateCsClO+1CesiumhypochloriteCsClO2+5CesiumchloriteCsClO3+5CesiumchlorateCsClO4+7CesiumperchlorateI.NomenclatureofinorganiccompoundsIninorganicacid,“-ous”,“-ic”areusedtodenotethelowerandhigheroxidationstate.在无机酸中，“-ous”表示用于低价态,“-ic”表示用于高价态I.NomenclatureofinorganiccompoundsFormulaOxidationstateoflesselectronegativeatomNameofsaltFormulaandnameofcorrespondingacidKNO2+3PotassiumnitriteHNO2NitrousacidKNO3+5PotassiumnitrateHNO3NitricacidRbSO3+4RubidiumsulfiteH2SO3SulfurousacidRbSO4+6RubidiumsulfateH2SO4SulfuricacidCsClO+1CesiumhypochloriteHClOHypochlorousacidCsClO2+5CesiumchloriteHClO2chlorousacidCsClO3+5CesiumchlorateHClO3chloricacidCsClO4+7CesiumperchlorateHClO4perchloricacidII.Nomenclatureoforganiccompounds（有机化合物的命名）A.NonfunctionalCompounds（非功能性化合物）1.Alkane（烷烃）Alkene(olefin)（烯烃）Alkyne（炔烃）IUPACnames(systematicnames)trivialnames(popularnames)IUPAC:InternationalUnionofPureandAppliedChemistryThenamesoflinearalkanes,alkenesandalkynes（线型烷烃、烯烃、炔烃的命名）:SuffixMethane（甲烷）~Icosane（二十烷）(C1~C20alkanes)---aneethene（乙烯）~Icosene（二十烯）(givepositionofC=C)---enetrivialname:ethylene（乙烯）propylene（丙烯）butylene（丁烯）acetylene(ethyne)（乙炔）~Icosyne（二十炔）---yne(givepositionofC=C)Methane（甲烷）ethane（乙烷）propane（丙烷）butane（丁烷）pentane（戊烷）hexane（己烷）heptane（庚烷）octane（辛烷）nonane（壬烷）decane（癸烷）undecane（十一烷）dodecane（十二烷）tridecane（十三烷）Tetradecane（十四烷）pentadecane（十五烷）hexadecane（十六烷）heptadecane（十七烷）octadecane（十八烷）nonadecane（十九烷）icosane（二十烷）(C1-C20alkanes)Commonsubstituents（常见取代基）:alkyl（烷基）,alkenyl（烯基）,alkynyl（炔基）groups:Alkyl—omit（省略）thesuffix“ane”andadd“yl”totheendofthename烷基—省略后缀“ane”，将“yl”加在名称之后methyl（甲基）–nonadecyl（十九基）–icosyl（二十基）Alkenyl—omitthelastletter“e”andadd“yl”totheendofthename烯基—省略最后一个字母“e”，将“yl”加在名称之后1-propenyl(丙烯基),2-penten（五亚乙基六胺）-2-yltrivialnames:vinyl（乙烯基）,allyl(烯丙基)Alkynyl—omitthelastletter“e”andadd“yl”totheendofthename炔基—省略最后一个字母“e”并在名称后加“yl”1-propynyl（丙炔基）,1-pentynyl（戊炔）benzyl（苄基）—phenyl（苯基）Ifthesamealkylgroupappearsmorethanonceinamolecule（分子）,itisindicated（表明）bytheprefixes:（如果同样的烷基在分子中出现超过一次，要通过前缀表明）Foridentical（完全相同的）simplegroups:di-,tri-,tetra-（对于相同的简单基团：di-,tri-,tetra-）Foridenticalcomplicated（复杂的）group:bis-,tris-,tetrakis-,pentakis-,bi-:bipheny