工作场所中的人体工程学

ErgonomicsintheWorkplace工作场所中的人体工程学EHS..EmbraceIt!..LiveIt!..ExcelWithIt!Agenda主要内容•ErgonomicsPrinciples人体工程学的原理–ErgonomicsInterface涉及人体工程学的领域–BodySystem人体的构造•CumulativeTraumaDisorder(CTD)重复性累积伤害•RiskFactors危险因素•PreventionofCTDs避免重复性累计伤害•ElementsofEffectiveErgonomics影响人体工程学的因素•ErgonomicsImprovementSharing人体工程学改进经验的分享•ErgonomicsAssessment人体工程学评估EHS..EmbraceIt!..LiveIt!..ExcelWithIt!PrimaryObjective主要目的•Reducetheriskofwork-relatedergonomicinjuries(acutestrain/sprain)andillnesses(repeatedtrauma)•降低与工作有关的人体工程损伤（严重的肌肉紧张和扭伤）和病症（重复性的伤害）的危险EHS..EmbraceIt!..LiveIt!..ExcelWithIt!WhatisErgonomics?什么是人体工程学？•Ergonomics:–Ergon–work–Nomus-naturallaw–人体工程学就是教导我们如何遵循自然的法则进行工作。•Ergonomicsisthescienceofadaptingequipment,proceduresandsurroundingstopeople•人体工程学是一门研究如何为我们提供合适的设备、工作流程和环境的科学。EHS..EmbraceIt!..LiveIt!..ExcelWithIt!CentralPrinciple核心原则•Humanhaslimitsandisfixed,butthejob,thetools,theequipment,environmentandfacilitiescanbedesignedorchangedwithintheselimits•人类本身作为一个个体是有局限的，但是工作、工具、设备、环境和设施却是可以通过设计使它们控制在人体可操作范围之内的。•ThegoalistoachieveNeutralPosture&WithinLimits我们的目标是在人体结构的限制内提供舒适的操作姿势EHS..EmbraceIt!..LiveIt!..ExcelWithIt!ErgonomicsInterfaces人体工程学涉及的领域Tool工具Task任务Workstation工作场所Employee员工Mounting装配工具Location定位工具Handle搬运工具Weight举重工具Vibration震动工具Machinery机械装置Fixture/Jigs设备的活动范围Clearance设备的缝隙Height/Reach设备的尺寸WorkSurfaces工作界面Lighting灯光Noise噪声Temperature温度ChemicalAgents化学品Lifting提升Twisting旋转Bending弯曲Forces用力WorkPace工作速度PPE劳防用品Training培训经历Motivation工作方式Conditioning工作负荷BodyDimensions体格ManageWork工作的管理EHS..EmbraceIt!..LiveIt!..ExcelWithIt!ErgonomicsFocus人体工程学的关注点•BiomechanicsMuscularstrength,coordination•生物力学肌肉的力量，协调性•AnthropometryBodydimensions•人体测量学人的体格•PsychologyPerception,cognition,effectofstress•心理学感知力、认识能力和压力的影响•PhysiologyVision,hearing,motorskills,reaction&recovery•生理学视力、听力、运动力、反应和恢复能力•EngineeringTime/Motion,equipmentdesign•工程学操作时间、姿势和设备结构的设计EHS..EmbraceIt!..LiveIt!..ExcelWithIt!BodySystem人体的构造EHS..EmbraceIt!..LiveIt!..ExcelWithIt!BodySystem•Musculoskeletal肌肉与骨骼–Muscles肌肉–Bones骨骼–Tendons&TendonSheaths肌腱和腱鞘–Ligaments韧带–Bursa粘液囊•Vascular血管系统–BloodVessels血管•Nervous神经系统–Nerves神经EHS..EmbraceIt!..LiveIt!..ExcelWithIt!MusculoskeletalSystem肌肉骨骼系统•Bones骨骼–Formbody’sframework组成人类的框架•Muscles肌肉–DynamicWork动态功能Producemovementofbodyparts为人体活动提供动力–StaticWork静态功能Maintainpositionofbodyagainstforcesofgravity为人体抵抗外力和重力作用EHS..EmbraceIt!..LiveIt!..ExcelWithIt!MusculoskeletalSystem肌肉骨骼系统•Tendons肌腱–Fibrous‘ropes’whichattachmuscletoboneandassistmuscleinpullingthebone–将骨骼和肌肉连接的纤维组织，可帮助肌肉带动骨骼活动。EHS..EmbraceIt!..LiveIt!..ExcelWithIt!MusculoskeletalSystem肌肉骨骼系统•TendonSheaths腱鞘–Tubularsacscontainingfluidwhichencloseatendon,minimizingfrictionandfacilitatingmovement–围绕在肌腱周围的管状液囊，可以减少组织间摩擦并促进组织间活动能力。•Ligaments韧带–Connectbonetoboneatjointandstrengthenthejoint–连接骨骼与骨骼关节并巩固关节强度的组织EHS..EmbraceIt!..LiveIt!..ExcelWithIt!MusculoskeletalSystem肌肉骨骼系统•Bursa粘液囊–Fluidfilledsacs,locatedinareaswhereligamentsandtendonspassoverbones,whichacttoreducefrictionandprovidecushioning–在韧带和肌腱与骨骼接触的界面之间存在的液囊组织，可起到减少摩擦和缓冲的作用。EHS..EmbraceIt!..LiveIt!..ExcelWithIt!VascularSystem血管系统•Networkofbloodvesselswhichtransportnutrientsandoxygentothetissuesandremovewasteproducts•血管的网络，负责输送营养和氧气到身体的各个器官组织并带走器官产生的废物–Arteries动脉–Veins静脉–Capillaries毛细血管EHS..EmbraceIt!..LiveIt!..ExcelWithIt!NervousSystem神经系统•Networkofcellsincludingmotorandsensoryfibreswhichsupplysensationandmovementtobodyparts•由细胞组成的网络，包含运动与感知纤维。为身体提供感知和运动的能力EHS..EmbraceIt!..LiveIt!..ExcelWithIt!CumulativeTraumaDisorders重复性累积伤害EHS..EmbraceIt!..LiveIt!..ExcelWithIt!ErgonomicsRelatedIllness与人体工程学有关的病症•PoorErgonomicscancause….•不良的人体工程学设计可能会导致……CumulativeTraumaDisorders(CTD)重复性累积伤害alsoknownas也被称作RepetitiveStrainDisorder重复性劳损RepetitiveMotionInjury反复性动作损伤OccupationalOverworkSyndrome职业性过劳综合症MusculoskeletalDisorders肌骨失调症EHS..EmbraceIt!..LiveIt!..ExcelWithIt!CumulativeTraumaDisorder重复性累积伤害•Minutedamagetosofttissuesthatoccursovertimefromforcesthatexceedbody’scapabilitytorepairitself•超过身体可自愈能力的因重复过度劳作而产生的对软组织的累积伤害Injury损伤Illness病症Sudden突发Cumulative累积Visible可视Unseen不可视Clearcutcause诱因清晰Multiplestressors多诱因EHS..EmbraceIt!..LiveIt!..ExcelWithIt!SymptomsofCTDsCTD的症状•Painfuljoints关节疼痛•Paininwrists,shoulders,forearms,knees手腕、肩膀、前臂、膝盖疼痛•Pain,tinglingornumbnessinhandsorfeet手或脚疼痛，发麻•Fingersortoesturningwhite手指脚趾发白•Shootingorstabbingpainsinarmsorlegs手臂或腿刺痛•Backorneckpain后背颈部疼痛•Swellingorinflammation肿胀或发炎•Stiffness僵硬•Burningsensation灼伤感EHS..EmbraceIt!..LiveIt!..ExcelWithIt!CumulativeTraumaDisordersMuscularDisorders肌肉紊乱TensionNeckSyndrome,LowBackPain颈部紧张综合症，下腰酸痛TendonDisorders肌腱紊乱Tendonitis,Tenosynovitis,Epicondylitis,deQuervain’sDisease,TriggerFinger,RotatorCuffInjury肌腱炎，腱鞘炎，上踝炎，奎缅氏症，扳机指，撕裂NerveDisorders神经失调CarpalTunnelSyndrome,ThoracicOutletSyndrome腕管综合征，胸椎综合症NeurovascularDisorder神经血管紊乱VibrationWhiteFinger振动白手指EHS..EmbraceIt!..LiveIt!..ExcelWithIt!CarpalTunnelSyndrome腕管综合征Entrapmentofthemediannervewhereitpassesthroughthecarpaltunnelinthewrist.Theentrapmentmaybesecondarytoswellingandinflammationcausedbyrepetitiveuse,arthritis,gout,fluidretention,o