Electroniccopyavailableat:=1560550Electroniccopyavailableat:=1560550 CHINA’S CREATIVE INDUSTRIES: CLUSTERS AND PERFORMANCES A working paper submitted to the Annual Conference of the Chinese Economist Association held at Cambridge University from 1st to 2nd April 2008 Zhen Ye Department of Accounting, Finance and Economics, University of Hertfordshire The School of Economics, Xiamen University Address for Correspondence: Department of Accounting, Finance and Economics, Business School University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Herts, AL10 9AB, UK Tel: 0044‐1707‐285736 Fax: 0044‐1707‐251204 Email: drzhenye@gmail.com z.1.ye@herts.ac.uk Electroniccopyavailableat:=1560550Electroniccopyavailableat:=1560550 “We observe nowadays that ‘culture’ attracts the attention of men of politics: not that politicians are always ‘men of culture’, that ‘culture’ is recognized both as an instrument of policy, and as something socially desirable which it is the business of the state to promote.” T.S. Eliot, Notes Towards the Definition of Culture, 1948, Quoted in Throsby, 2001. Electroniccopyavailableat:=1560550Electroniccopyavailableat:=1560550 1. INTRODUCTION China’s cultural industries are currently undergoing a period of rapid transformation. In 2006, cultural industries achieved 512 billion Yuan (₤34 billion) of value added and grew 17% from 2005 (Tuo, 2008). Internationally, China’s export of core cultural products amounted to 9.6 billion USD (₤4.8 billion) in 2006 (Hu, 2008). In the same year, China’s BOP from cultural services export increased 20% and amounted to $2.7 billion (₤1.4 billion) (ibid.). Although the share of cultural industries to China’s GDP remains small (2.5%) in comparison to developed countries such as Britain (10%), the growth of cultural industries has been substantial in the past few years. Increasingly perceived as new growth industries requiring active government support, both the Culture Ministry and the government at various levels have promulgated over 25 piecemeal regulations and directives to encourage cultural industries and the development of specific clusters such as animation since 20051. From 2001 to 2006, the state fiscal expenditure and infrastructure investment into cultural industries both doubled, and grew, on average, 17% and 16 % respectively2 (CM, 2008). In spite of wide publicity given to cultural industries in China, most academic discussions and policy recommendations have not been the subjects of rigorous economic analysis3. This paper argues and advocates for a pragmatic economic approach to study cultural industries as ‘creative industries’ drawing on the British approach which actively promotes strategic industrial policy for the creative sector4. Building on our previous modelling approach to the UK creative industries (Ye and Yin, 2007), this paper further develops new sets of analytical tools for conducting economic analysis in creative industries, in particular, those which can provide objective assessment of creative industries. The paper tries to contribute towards creative industries research in two aspects. First, the paper develops a set of new 1 The research was conducted on the legal database of Peking University as of Nov 2007. 2 Culture Ministry, 2008 3 The author leads a newspaper column “creative observer” in Beijing Business Today and argues that creative industries should be considered pragmatically as an area of new industrial policy for China. See the article: & Li (2008) 4 See Garham (2005) for an explication of the British approach towards creative industries. analytical tools which offer some utilities to the government and businesses. The mapping approach helps to understand regional aspects of creative industries and reveal new issues which deserve attention by the government. The financial tools which made available a performance based matrix helps the investors to overcome the problem of asymmetrical information in creative finance (both public and private), when the investors and creative businesses lack data or methods to properly evaluate industrial performances. Finally, the study contributes towards the research on China’s creative industries through the development of a new database which helps the government and businesses to better understand the economic potential of creative industries. The key objective of this paper is to understand the true state of China’s cultural and creative industries by drawing on empirical findings which for the first time examine the clusters and the performance of creative industries in China. Based on the analyses provided by our tools, the paper explores the policy implicati