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第11讲研究报告撰写指南Introduction•StandardsforReportingonEmpiricalSocialScienceResearchinAERAPublications（美国教育研究会）TwooverarchingPrinciplesfortheGuidelines•Sufficiencyofwarrants•TransparencyofthereportReportingshouldmakeexplicitthelogicofinquiryandactivitiesthatledfromthedevelopmentoftheinitialinterest,topic,problem,orresearchquestion;throughthedefinition,collection,andanalysisofdataorempiricalevidence;tothearticulatedoutcomesofthestudy.Reportingthattakestheseprinciplesintoaccountpermitsscholarstounderstandoneanother’swork,preparesthatworkforpublicscrutiny,andenablesotherstousethatwork.Outlines1.Problemformulation2.Designandlogicofthestudy3.Sourceofevidence4.Measurementandclassification5.Analysisandinterpretation6.Generalization7.Ethicsinreporting8.Title,abstract,andheadings.1.ProblemFormulation(GeneralPrinciple)•Aresearchproblemisanissue,topic,orquestionthatmotivatesastudy.Theproblemformulationanswersthequestionofwhytheresultsoftheinvestigationwouldbeofinteresttotheresearchcommunityandhowaninvestigationislinkedtopriorknowledgeandresearch.•Athoroughformulationoftheproblemtypicallyincludesaclearstatementofthetopic,issue,orquestion;areviewofwhatothershavewrittenthatbearsdirectlyontheproblem;arationalefortheconceptual,methodological,andtheoreticalchoicesmadeinaddressingtheproblem;andaconsiderationofhowthestudycontributestoknowledgeorunderstandingabouttheproblem.•Thesechoicescanhaveasignificantinfluenceonhowaproblemisunderstood,whatgeneralizationscanbemade,andtheextenttowhichaworkcancontributetoaddressingsignificantissues.Reportingneedstoprovideascomprehensiveapictureaspossibleofwhattheproblemisaboutandhowithasbeenapproached.1.Problemformulation(ConcreteRequirements)1.1.Theproblemformulationshouldprovideaclearstatementofthepurposeandscopeofthestudy.1.2.Reportingshouldmakeclearhowthestudyisacontributiontoknowledge.1.3.Reportingshouldincludeareviewoftherelevantscholarshipthatbearsdirectlyonthetopicofthereport.1.4.Therationalefortheconceptual,methodological,ortheoreticalorientationofthestudyshouldbedescribedandexplainedwithrelevantcitationstowhatothershavewrittenaboutit.1.5.Arationaleshouldbeprovidedfortheproblemformulationasitrelatestothegroupsstudied(especiallywithrespecttorelevantfeaturesofthehistorical,linguistic,social,andculturalbackgroundsofthegroup)wherequestionsaboutappropriatenessoftheconnectionsmayarise.2.DesignandLogic(inGeneral)•Itisshapedbytheintellectualtradition(s)inwhichtheauthorsareworkingandthewaysinwhichtheyviewthephenomenonunderstudy.Thisinturninfluencestheidentificationofquestions,thechoiceofmethodsofdatacollection,theapproachtoanalysisandinterpretation,andtheformatofreporting.Thesedecisionsconstitutethelogicofinquirythatresearchersreport.•Insomesituationsandinsomeformsofresearch,aspectsofdesignscanbewellspecifiedinadvance;inothercircumstances,thesemayevolve,andtheinitialresearchquestionsbecomemoreelaborateorfocused,asresearchersbecomemorefamiliarwiththecontextsinwhichtheywork.Moreover,researchdesignsoftentakeaccountofconstraints;somedesignsaremorefeasibleorpracticalincertainresearchsituationsthanothers.2.DesignandLogic(ConcreteRequirements)Researchreportingshouldfollowaclearlogicofinquirythatallowsreaderstotracethepathfromtheinitialstatementoftheproblem,issue,orinterest;tothereviewoftherelevantscholarshipandintellectualorientationofthestudy;totheresearchquestionsinitiatedand/ordevelopedinthestudy;tothedescriptionofthesite,group,and/orparticipants(demographicinformation);tothemethodologyguidingcollectionandanalysisofevidence;totheinterpretationandpresentationofoutcomesandunderstandingsgainedfromtheresearchprocess.Thereshouldbeacoherentpresentationoftheseaspectsofthestudy,anditshouldbeclearhowthedifferentpartsofthestudyarerelatedtoeachother.3.SourcesofEvidence(inGeneral)“Sourcesofevidence”referstoboththeunitsofstudyandthedataorempiricalmaterialscollectedoridentifiedtoaddresstheresearchquestionorproblem.Reportingonsourcesofevidenceincludesdescribingrelevantcharacteristicsofthesite,group,participants,events,orotherunitsstudied;theprocessesandjudgmentsthroughwhichtheywereselected;andarationaleforthesechoices.Italsoincludesspecificationofthedataorempiricalmaterialsthatwerecollected,theprocessesandjudgmentsthroughwhichtheywerecollected,andarationaleforthesechoices.Datasourcestypicallyincludeparticipantandnonparticipantobservations;unstructuredorsemi-structuredinterviews;documentsandotherartifacts;audio-orvideo-recordings;andstandardizedinstrumentslikesurveysortests,structuredinterviewprotocols,andcategoricaldemographicinformationthatpermitaggregationofdataacrosscasesorunitsofanalysis.3.SourcesofEvidence(ConcreteRequirements)3.1.Theunitsofstudy(sites,groups,participants,events,orotherunits)andthemeansthroughwhichtheywereselectedshouldbeadequatelydescribed.3.2.Thecollectionofdataorempiricalmaterialsshouldbeclearlydescribed,includinghowandwhentheyweregathered,bywhom,andforwhatpurposes.4.MeasurementandClassification(inGeneral)Measurementistheprocessbywhichbehaviororobservationisconvertedintoquantities,whichmay,i