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12002年6月四级试题PassageOneQuestions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Inthe1960s,medicalresearchersThomasHolmesandRichardRahedevelopedachecklistofstressfulevents.Theyappreciatedthetrickypointthatanymajorchangecanbestressful.Negativeeventslike“seriousillnessofafamilymember”werehighonthelist,butsoweresomepositivelife-changingevents,likemarriage.WhenyoutaketheHolmes-Rahetestyoumustrememberthatthescoredoesnotreflecthowyoudealwithstress—itonlyshowshowmuchyouhavetodealwith.Andwenowknowthatthewayyouhandletheseeventsdramaticallyaffectsyourchancesofstayinghealthy.Bytheearly1970s,hundredsofsimilarstudieshadfollowedHolmesandRahe.AndmillionsofAmericanswhoworkandliveunderstressworriedoverthereports.Somehow,theresearchgotboileddowntoamemorablemessage.Women’smagazinesranheadlineslike“Stresscausesillness!”Ifyouwanttostayphysicallyandmentallyhealthy,thearticlessaid,avoidstressfulevents.Butsuchsimplisticadviceisimpossibletofollow.Evenifstressfuleventsaredangerous,many—likethedeathofalovedone—areimpossibletoavoid.Moreover,anywarningtoavoidallstressfuleventsisaprescription(处方)forstayingawayfromopportunitiesaswellastrouble.Sinceanychangecanbestressful,apersonwhowantedtobecompletelyfreeofstresswouldnevermarry,haveachild,takeanewjobormove.Thenotionthatallstressmakesyousickalsoignoresalotofwhatweknowaboutpeople.Itassumeswe’reallvulnerable(脆弱的)andpassiveinthefaceofadversity(逆境).Butwhatabouthumaninitiativeandcreativity?Manycomethroughperiodsofstresswithmorephysicalandmentalvigorthantheyhadbefore.Wealsoknowthatalongtimewithoutchangeorchallengecanleadtoboredom,andphysicalandmetalstrain.21.TheresultofHolmes-Rahe’smedicalresearchtellsus__________.A)thewayyouhandlemajoreventsmaycausestressB)whatshouldbedonetoavoidstressC)whatkindofeventwouldcausestressD)howtocopewithsuddenchangesinlife22.Thestudiesonstressintheearly1970’sledto_________.A)widespreadconcernoveritsharmfuleffectsB)greatpanicoverthementaldisorderitcouldcauseC)anintensiveresearchintostress-relatedillnessesD)popularavoidanceofstressfuljobs23.ThescoreoftheHolmes-Rahetestshows________.A)howmuchpressureyouareunderB)howpositiveeventscanchangeyourlifeC)howstressfulamajoreventcanbeD)howyoucandealwithlife-changingevents24.Whyis“suchsimplisticadvice”(Line1,Para.3)impossibletofollow?2A)Noonecanstayonthesamejobforlong.B)Noprescriptioniseffectiveinrelievingstress.C)Peoplehavetogetmarriedsomeday.D)Youcouldbemissingopportunitiesaswell.25.Accordingtothepassagepeoplewhohaveexperiencedupsanddownsmaybecome________.A)nervouswhenfacedwithdifficultiesB)physicallyandmentallystrainedC)morecapableofcopingwithadversityD)indifferenttowardwhathappenstothemPassageTwoQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Mostepisodesofabsent-mindedness—forgettingwhereyouleftsomethingorwonderingwhyyoujustenteredaroom—arecausedbyasimplelackofattention,saysSchacter.“You’resupposedtoremembersomething,butyouhaven’tencodeditdeeply.”Encoding,Schacterexplains,isaspecialwayofpayingattentiontoaneventthathasamajorimpactonrecallingitlater.Failuretoencodeproperlycancreateannoyingsituations.Ifyouputyourmobilephoneinapocket,forexample,anddon’tpayattentiontowhatyoudidbecauseyou’reinvolvedinaconversation,you’llprobablyforgetthatthephoneisinthejacketnowhanginginyouwardrobe(衣柜).“Yourmemoryitselfisn’tfailingyou,”saysSchacter.“Rather,youdidn’tgiveyourmemorysystemtheinformationitneeded.”Lackofinterestcanalsoleadtoabsent-mindedness.“Amanwhocanrecitesportsstatisticsfrom30yearsago,”saysZelinski,“maynotremembertodropaletterinthemailbox.”Womenhaveslightlybettermemoriesthanmen,possiblybecausetheypaymoreattentiontotheirenvironment,andmemoryreliesonjustthat.Visualcuescanhelppreventabsent-mindedness,saysSchacter.“Butbesurethecueisclearandavailable,”hecautions.Ifyouwanttoremembertotakeamedication(药物)withlunch,putthepillbottleonthekitchentable—don’tleaveitinthemedicinechestandwriteyourselfanotethatyoukeepinapocket.Anothercommonepisodeofabsent-mindedness:walkingintoaroomandwonderingwhyyou’rethere.Mostlikely,youwerethinkingaboutsomethingelse.“Everyonedoesthisfromtimetotime,”saysZelinski.Thebestthingtodoistoreturntowhereyouwerebeforeenteringtheroom,andyou’lllikelyremember.26.Whydoestheauthorthinkthatencodingproperlyisveryimportant?A)Ithelpsusunderstandourmemorysystembetter.B)Itenablesustorecallsomethingformourmemory.C)Itexpandsourmemorycapacityconsiderably.D)itslowsdowntheprocessoflosingourmemory.27.Onepossiblereasonwhywomenhavebettermemoriesthanmenisthat________.A)theyhaveawiderrangeofinterestsB)theyaremorereliantontheenvironmentC)theyhaveanunusualpoweroffocusingtheirattention3D)theyaremoreinterestedinwhat’shappeningaroundthem28.Anoteinthepocketcanhardlyserveasareminderbecause_________.A)itwilleasilygetlostB)it’snotclearenoughforyoutoreadC)it’soutofyoursightD)itmightgetmixedupwithotherthings29.Whatdowelearnfromthelastparagraph?A)Ifwefocusourattentionononething,wemightforgetanother.B)Memorydependstoacertainextentontheenvironment.C)Repetitionhelpsimproveourmemory.D)Ifwekeepforgettingthings,we’dbetterreturntowherewewere.30.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A)Th