2002年全国MBA入学联考英语试题阅读部分

[例21]2002年全国MBA入学联考英语试题阅读部分第二篇文章讲义050813Supposeyougointoafruiterer’sshop,wantinganapple–youtakeupone,andonbitingityoufinditissour;youlookatit,andseethatitishardandgreen.Youtakeupanotherone,andthat,too,ishard,green,andsour.Theshopmanoffersyouathird;but,beforebitingit,youexamineit,andfindthatitishardandgreen,andyouimmediatelysaythatyouwillnothaveit,asitmustbesour,likethosethatyouhavealreadytried.Nothingcanbemoresimplethanthat,youthink;butifyouwilltakethetroubletoanalyzeandtraceoutintoitslogicalelementsthathasbeendonebythemind,youwillbegreatlysurprised.Inthefirstplaceyouhaveperformedtheoperationofinduction.Youfindthat,intwoexperiences,hardnessandgreennessinappleswenttogetherwithsourness.Itwassointhefirstcase,anditwasconfirmedbythesecond.True,itisaverysmallbasis,butstillitisenoughfromwhichtomakeaninduction;yougeneralizedthefacts,andyouexpecttofindsournessinappleswhereyougethardnessandgreenness.Youfounduponthatagenerallaw,thatallhardandgreenapplesaresour;andthat,sofarasitgoes,isaperfectinduction.Well,havinggotyournaturallawinthisway,whenyouareofferedanotherapplewhichyoufindithardandgreen,yousay,“Allhardandgreenapplesaresour;thisappleishardandgreen;therefore,thisappleissour.”Thattrainofreasoningiswhatlogicianscallasyllogism(三段论法),andhasallitsvariouspartsandterms–itsmajorpremises,itsminorpremises,andconclusion.And,bythehelpoffurtherreasoning,which,ifdrawnout,wouldhavetobeexhibitedintwoorthreeothersyllogisms,youarriveatyourfinaldetermination.“Iwillnothavethatapple.”Sothat,yousee,youhave,inthefirstplace,establishedalawbyinduction,anduponthatyouhavefoundedadeduction,andreasonedoutthespecialparticularcase.Wellnow,suppose,havinggotyourconclusionofthelaw,thatatsometimesafterwards,youarediscussingthequalitiesofapplewithafriend;youwillsaytohim,“Itisaverycuriousthing,butIfindthatallhardandgreenapplesaresour!”Yourfriendsaystoyou,“Buthowdoyouknowthat?”Youatonceapply,“Oh,becauseIhavetriedthemoverandoveragain,andhavealwaysfoundthemtobeso.”Well,ifweweretalkingscienceinsteadofcommonsense,weshouldcallthatanexperimentalverification.And,ifstillopposed,yougofurther,andsay,“Ihaveheardfrompeople.InSomersetshireandDevonshire,wherealargenumberofapplesaregrown,andinLondon,wheremanyapplesaresoldandeaten,thattheyhaveobservedthesamething.ItisalsofoundtobethecaseinNormandy,andinNorthAmerica.Inshort,Ifindittobetheuniversalexperienceofmankindwhereverattentionhasbeendirectedtothesubject.”Whereupon,yourfriend,unlessheisaveryunreasonableman,agreeswithyou,andisperhapshedoesnotknowhebelievesit,thatthemoreextensiveverificationshavebeenmade,andresultsofthesamekindarrivedat–thatthemorevariedtheconditionsunderwhichthesameresultsareattained,themorecertainistheultimateconclusion,andhedisputesthequestionnofurther.Heseesthattheexperimenthasbeentriedunderallsortsofconditions,astotime,place,andpeople,withthesameresult;andhesayswithyou,therefore,thatthelawyouhavelaiddownmustbeagoodone,andhemustbelieveit.55.Applesareused____________.A.inordertoconvincethereaderthatfruithasnointellectB.toillustratethesubjectofthepassageC.togivecolortothestoryD.toshowhowfoolishlogicis[例22]2003年全国MBA入学联考英语试题阅读部分第一篇文章Alittlemorethanacenturyago,MichaelFaraday,thenotedBritishphysicist,managedtogainaudiencewithagroupofhighgovernmentofficials,todemonstrateanelectrochemicalprinciple,inthehopeofgainingsupportforhiswork.Afterobservingthedemonstrationsclosely,oneoftheofficialsremarkedbluntly,“It’safascinatingdemonstration,youngman,butjustwhatpracticalapplicationwillcomeofthis?”“Idon’tknow,”repliedFaraday,“butIdoknowthat100yearsfromnowyou’llbetaxingthem.”Fromthedemonstrationofaprincipletothemarketingofproductsderivedfromthatprincipleisoftenalong,involvedseriesofsteps.Thespeedandeffectivenesswithwhichthesestepsaretakenarecloselyrelatedtothehistoryofmanagement,theartofgettingthingsdone.JustasmanagementappliestothewondersthathaveevolvedfromFaradayandotherinventors,soitappliedsome4,000yearsagototheworkingofthegreatEgyptianandMesopotamianimportandexportfirms…toHannibal’sremarkablefeatofcrossingtheAlpsin218B.C.with90,000footsoldiers,12,000horsemenanda“conveyorbelt”of40elephants…ortotheearlyChristianChurch,withitsworld-shakingconceptsofindividualfreedomandequality.Theseancientinnovatorsweredeeplyinvolvedintheproblemsofauthority,divisionsoflabor,discipline,unityofcommand,clarityofdirectionandtheotherbasicfactorsthataresomeaningfultomanagementtoday.ButtherealimpetustomanagementasanemergingprofessionwastheIndustrialRevolution.Originatingin18th-centuryEngland,itwastriggeredbyaseriesofclassicinventionsandnewprocesses;amongthemJohnKay’sflyingShuttlein1733.JamesHargreaves’SpinningJennyin1770,SamuelCrompton’sMuleSpinnerin1779andEdmudCartwright’sPowerLoomin1785.51.TheanecdoteaboutMichaelFaradayindicatesthat_____________________.A.politicianstaxeverythingB.peopleareskepticalaboutthevaluesofpureresearchC.governmentshouldsupportscientistsD.hewasrejectedbyhisgovernment[例23]2003年全国MBA入学联考英语试题阅读部分第二篇文章第一段Byeducation,Imeantheinfluenceoftheenvironmentupontheindividualtoproduceapermanentchangeinthehabitsofbehavior