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105Translation(20points)Thechemicalindustrydependsveryheavilyonpetroleumandnaturalgasassourcesofrawmaterials.Itislikelythatinexcessof80%oftheliterallythousandsofdifferentbasicorganicchemicalsemployedtodayarederivedfromthesesources.Thepetrochemicalindustryhasgrownwiththepetroleumindustry.Asisthecasewiththelatesttrendsinchangingcrudeoiltypes,itmustalsoevolvetomeetchangingtechnologicalandhumanitarianneeds.Themanufactureofchemicalsfrompetroleumandnaturalgasconstituentsisanexcellentexampleoftheconversionofsuchmaterialstomorevaluableproducts.Theindividualchemicalsmadefrompetroleumandnaturalgasnumerousandincludeindustrialchemicals,householdchemicalsandpaints,aswellasintermediatesforthemanufactureofproducts,suchassyntheticrubberandplastics.Theprocessingofpetroleumhydrocarbontoyieldmaterialsthatare,essentially,thebuildingblocksofotherchemicalsindustries,isnowveryextensive.Theclassificationofmaterialssuchaspetrochemicalsisusedtoindicatethesourceofthechemicalcompounds,butitshouldberememberedthatmanycommonpetrochemicalscanbemadeformothersources,andtheterminologyisthereforeamatterofsourceidentification.,Petrochemicalsaregenerallychemicalcompoundsderivedfrompetroleumeitherbydirectmanufactureorbyindirectmanufactureasby-productsfromthevarietyofprocessesthatareusedduringtherefiningofpetroleum.Gasoline,fueloils,lubricatingoils,waxes,asphalts,andthelikeareexcludedfromthedefinitionofpetrochemicals,sincetheyarenot,inthetruesense,chemicalcompoundsbutareinfactintimatemixturesofhydrocarbons.B级Thechemicalindustrydependsveryheavilyonpetroleumandnaturalgasassourcesofrawmaterials.Itislikelythatinexcessof80%oftheliterallythousandsofdifferentbasicorganicchemicalsemployedtodayarederivedfromthesesources.Thepetrochemicalindustryhasgrownwiththepetroleumindustry.Asisthecasewiththelatesttrendsinchangingcrudeoiltypes,itmustalsoevolvetomeetchangingtechnologicalandhumanitarianneeds.Themanufactureofchemicalsfrompetroleumandnaturalgasconstituentsisanexcellentexampleoftheconversionofsuchmaterialstomorevaluableproducts.Theindividualchemicalsmadefrompetroleumandnaturalgasnumerousandincludeindustrialchemicals,householdchemicalsandpaints,aswellasintermediatesforthemanufactureofproducts,suchassyntheticrubberandplastics.Theprocessingofpetroleumhydrocarbontoyieldmaterialsthatare,essentially,thebuildingblocksofotherchemicalsindustries,isnowveryextensive.06IV.Translation（2004版32课EnergyinTransition）Supplyingenergyin1970requiredtheharvesting,processingandcombustionofsomethreebillionmetrictonsofcoal,some17billionbarrelsofoil,morethanatrillioncubicmetersofnaturalgasandperhapstwobillioncubicmetersoffuelwood.Itentailedtheuseofdirtycoalaswellasclean;underseaoilaswellasterrestrial;deepgasaswellasshallow;mediocrehydroelectricsitesaswellasgoodones;anddeforestationaswellassustainablefuelwoodharvesting.ExceptforthehugepoolofoilunderlyingtheMiddleEast,thecheapestoilandgasarealreadygone.Somescientistsbelievethereisalotmoretobefound.Butevenifafewmoregiantoilfields2arediscovered,theywillmakelittledifference,againstconsumptionontoday’sscale.Oilandgaswillhavetocomeincreasinglyasimportsfromcountrieswithveryunstableeconomicconditions.Thereareavarietyofotherenergyresourcesthataremoreabundantthanoilandgas.Coal,solarenergy,windenergy,andfissionandfusionfuelsarethemostimportantones.Buttheyallrequireelaborateandexpensivetransformationintoelectricityorliquidfuelsinordertomeetsociety’sneedNonehasverygoodprospectsfordeliveringlargequantitiesofelectricityatcostscomparabletothoseofthecheapcoal-firedandhydropowerplantsofthe1960’s.Itappears,then,thatexpensiveenergyisapermanentcondition,evenwithoutallowingforitsenvironmentalcosts.71~ExceptforthehugepoolofoilunderlyingtheMiddleEast,/thecheapestoilandgasarcalrcaci5gone.Somescientistsbelievethereisalotmoretobefound.Butevenifafewmoregiantoilfieldsarediscovered,theywillmakelittledifferenceagainstconsumptionontoday’sscale.Oilandgaswillhavetocomeincreasinglyasimportsfromcountrieswithveryunstableeconomicconditions.Thereareavarietyofotherenergyresourcesthataremoreabundantthanoilandgas.Coal,solarenergy,windenergy,andfissionandfusionfuelsarethemostimportantones.Buttheyallrequireelaborateandexpensivetransformationintoelectricityorliquidfuelsinordertomeetsociety’sneed.Theymayneverbecapableofdeliveringlargequantitiesofelectricityatcostscomparabletothoseofthecheapcoal-firedandhydropowerplantsofthe1960’s.Itappears,then,thatexpensiveenergyisapermanentcondition,evenwithoutallowingforitsenvironmentalcosts.译文：70年能源供应需要开采、加工和燃烧大约30亿公吨的煤和褐煤，大约170亿桶的石油，一万多亿立方米的天然气和大约20亿立方米的木柴。这意味着需要除了利用优质煤炭，还要利用劣质煤炭：除了利用陆上石油，还要利用海洋石油：除了利用浅层气，还要利用深层气：除了利用条件良好的水电站，还要利用条件一般的水电站；除了可承受的木柴采伐，还要破坏森林。除了中东地下巨大油藏而外，最廉价油气资源已经枯竭，过去曾出现通过抬高成本来抑制能源的日益枯竭的趋势本身也已消失。即使再能发现几个大油田，对于如今规模巨大的能源消费来说，也无济于事。对于大多数国家来说，石油和天然气将越来越多地依赖于从地层深处开采，并依赖进口，而油气进口无论是资源供应的可靠性还是进口国家的支付能力都难以得到保证。尚有其他许多能源资源要比油气资源丰富。煤炭、太阳能以及裂变聚变燃料是其中最主要的几种。但要将这些资源转化成电力或者是液体燃料以满足社会需要，都需要复杂的技术和昂贵的成本。要靠这些资源来大量生产电力，从成本上说，任何一种都无法同60年代廉价的火力发电站和水力发电站相比，因而，前景不会太好。这样看来，能源昂贵的情形将长久持续，这还不包括使用能源在环境上所付出的代价。07注：71题的答题说明印在试卷二答题纸上。请仔细阅读并按照要求在答题纸上作答。A.级71.T