文化作业

FourTreasuresoftheStudy(orFourFriendsoftheStudy)referstobrush,ink,paperandinkstoneusedinChineseandotherEastAsiancalligraphictraditions.Thefourtreasuresofthestudyplaysakeyroleinthedevelopmentofthecalligraphicart.InkbrushAhighlydecorativebadgerhairbrushdatingbacktotheMingDynastyTheuseoftheChinesewritingbrushcanbetracedback6,000years.Intheearlyyears,thebrushwasverysimple.Itseemsthatthepictures,symbolsandcharactersonancientpottery,paintedinredandblack,weredonewithbrushstrokes.TheearliestbrushintacttodaywasfoundinafifthcenturyB.C.tomboftheStateofChu.Alargenumberofinscriptionsonbamboostripswereunearthedatthesametime.Inthefourthcentury,theskillofbrushmakingsawgreatprogress.TheChinesewritingbrushbecamemoresuitableforcalligrapherstobringtheirskillintofullplay.TheHistoryofthebrushTypes•Brushesdifferintermsofsize,texture,materialandcost.•Stalk:Usuallynormalbamboo,exoticbrushesinsteadmayusematerialslikegold,silver,jade(翡翠）,ivory（象牙）,redsandalwood（檀香木）.•Hairssource:bemadefromgoat,pig,mouse,buffalo,wolfandrabbithair,whileexoticonescanbemadefromtiger,fowl,deerandevenbaby’shair•Hairstexture:soft(軟毫),mixed(兼毫)orhard(硬毫)hairs•Hairssize:Generallyclassifiedaseitherbig(大楷),medium(中楷)orsmall(小楷);useCalligraphy（书法）mostcalligraphyuseamedium-sizedbrushpaintingMediumbrushesarethemostwidelyused;wieldedbyaskilledartist,itcanproduceavarietyofthicknessesoflinefeaturesIthadfourfeatures,summedupasfollows:First,thetipofthebrushcoulddisplaythedelicatechangesofstrokes.Second,itssmoothendhaircouldmakewritingvigorouswhileitspreadacrossthepaper.Third,itsconeshapemadeiteasytomoveinalldirections.Fourth,itwasdurable,andkeptitselasticity.Withsuchabrush,thecalligraphercouldwritecharactersindifferentshapes,displayingdifferentintensitiesandrhythms.TheBestWritingBrush:HuWritingBrush(湖笔)•thehairsofthegoat,hare(野兔)andyellowweasel（黄鼠狼）•First-gradehubrushes:asharptip,neathairarrangement,roundedshapeandgreatresilience湖笔的InksticksHISTORYTheearliestChineseinkscanbedatedbackto12thcenturyBC.InkswerediscussedbyEasternHanXuShen(許慎)InksusedinZhoudynastyarequitesimilartothoseusedintheHandynastyManylargeingot-types（块状）inksappearinginlateEasternHanOneofthefirstliteraryrecordsofinkstickproductioninChinaisfromqiminyaoshu(齊民要術)Firstly,theinkstickisrubbedagainsttheinkslabtogenerateinkpowder;Secondly,waterisaddedtotheinkpowdertoformtheink.Theprocedure:TheBestInkStick:HuiInkStick(徽墨)●developedbyinkartisanXiChaoandhissonXiTingguioftheTangDynasty●containmusk,borneol（龙脑莰醇）andotherpreciousaromatics（芳香剂）徽墨的故乡Paper&CalligraphythatpaperwasinventedbyCaiLunintheEasternHantheprocedureofmakingpaperinHanDynasHistoryFirstdevelopedinChinainthefirstdecadeof100AD.XuanpaperwasfirstmentionedinancientChinesebooksNotesofPastFamousPaintingsandNewBookofTang.ProducedintheTangDynastyWasunderthejurisdictionofXuanzhouPrefecture,sonamedXuanpaper.Features:strength,smoothsurface,pureandcleantextureandcleanstroke,greatresistancetocrease.WontheGoldenAwardatthePanamaInternationalExpositionin1915MaterialandProductionMaterial:Bambooandmulberry（桑叶）Production制作:18-step-process,andadetailedaccountwouldincludeoverahundred,Theprocessincludessteaming蒸andbleaching（漂白）thebarkofPteroceltistatarinowii（青檀）TheBestPaper:XuanPaper•madefromthebarkofthewingceltis青檀）mixedwithricestraw（稻草）•JingxianCounty,AnhuiProvince（theprefectureofXuanzhou）•kingofallpapers”•lastathousandyears“AftertheEasternJinDynasty,paperwasextensivelyusedinsteadoftraditionalwritingmaterialssuchasbambooslipsandsilks.InkStoneHistoryInkstonesincreasedduringtheTangDynasty(618-905)andreacheditsheightintheSongDynasty(960–1279).TheinkstoneisChineseinoriginandisusedincalligraphyandpainting.Fourfamousinkstone①Duaninkstones（端砚）Origin：producedinZhaoqing,GuangdongProvince,andgotitsnamefromtheancientDuanPrefectureinTangDynastyMaterial：volcanictuff（火山凝灰岩）Color：commonlyofapurpletoapurple-redcolor②Sheinkstones（歙砚）Origin:itcomesfromSheCounty(AnhuiProvince)andWuyuanCounty(JiangxiProvince).firstusedduringtheTangDynastyFeature：black③Tao(he)inkstones洮(河)砚Origin:itmadefromthestonesfoundatthebottomoftheTaoRiverinGansuProvince，TheseinkstoneswerefirstusedduringtheSongDynastyFeature：Ithasdistinctmarkingssuchasbandsofrippleswithvaryingshades.Thesestoneshavebecomeincreasinglyrareandaredifficulttofind.ItcaneasilybeconfusedwithagreenDuanstone④Chengniinkstones澄泥砚Origin:beganintheTangDynastyandissaidtohaveoriginatedinLuoyang,HenanFeature：ceramic-manufacturedinkstones.Thankyou!=D=D