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（全新版）大学英语《综合教程》第一册Unit3UnderstandingScienceI.CulturalNotes•1.StephenHawking(1942-):aBritishscientistwhohasgreatlyinfluencedpeople'sideasontheoriginsoftheuniverse.Hehasdevotedmuchofhislifetoprobingthespace-timedescribedbygeneralrelativityandthesingularitieswhereitbreaksdown.Andhe'sdonemostofhisworkwhileconfinedtoawheelchair,broughtonbytheprogressiveneurologicaldisease.HawkingistheLucasianProfessorofMathematicsatCambridge,apostonceheldbyIsaacNewton.•Inthelate1960s,Hawkingprovedthatifgeneralrelativityistrueandtheuniverseisexpanding,asingularitymusthaveoccurredatthebirthoftheuniverse.In1974hefirstrecognizedatrulyremarkablepropertyofblackholes,objectsfromwhichnothingwassupposedtobeabletoescape.HehaswrittentheinternationalbestsellerABriefHistoryofTime.ThebookspentmorethanfouryearsontheLondonSundayTimesbestsellerlist—thelongestrunforanybookinhistory.2.Frankenstein:anovel(1818)byanEnglishwriterMaryShellgy(1797-1851).ItisthestoryofaSwissscientist,Dr.Frankenstein,whomakesalivingcreaturefrompiecesofdeadbodies.Thecreatureislikeaman,butstronger,andalthoughitisgentleatfirst,itlaterattacksandkillsseveralpeopleclosetoFrankenstein.Therehavebeenmanyfilmsbasedonthestoryandvariationsofit:Everybodywasdressedupasaghost,avampireorFrankenstein'smonster.3.TheSkyatNight:apopularBritishtelevisionprogramaboutthestarsandplanets,broadcasteverymonthbytheBBCsince1957.Itiswellknownforthewayinwhichitspresenter,PatrickMoore,givesscientificinformationinanentertainingway.•II.LanguageStudy•1.attitude:mannerorwayonethinksabout,behavestoward,orfeelstowardsb.orsth.(usu.followedbyto/towards)•Examples:1)Theboyhasabadattitudetowardshisschoolwork.•2)Hisson'sattitudetoworkmadehimangry.•2.likely:1)probable(Whenfunctioningasana.,thewordisoftenusedinthefollowingpatterns:•itislikelythat...,belikelytodosth.)•Examples:a)Itislikelythatmyroommatewillwinthefirst-classscholarship.•b)Anearthquakeislikelytostriketheareainayearortwo.•c)Economistssaythatthequickeconomicgrowthislikelytocontinuethroughoutthe2010s.•2)probably(Whenusedasanad.,thewordisoftenprecededbymost,morethan,orvery.Youdon'tuseitasanad.onitsown.)•Examples:a)Itisreportedthatanothersandstormwillverylikelycomeinthenext24hours.•b)WewillmostlikelystayhomeduringtheSpringFestival.•3.dowithout:managetosurvive,continue,orsucceedalthoughyoudonothavesth.youneed.want,orusu.have•Examples:1)You'llhavetodowithoutyourdinnerifyoudon'tgetbackintime.•2)Ican'taffordacar,soIguessI'llhavetodowithout.•4.highly:1)very•Examples:a)Mr.Smithwasahighlysuccessfulsalesman.•b)Itseemshighlylikelythatshewilltakethejob.•2)toahighlevelorstandard•Examples:a)Mostofthepeoplepresentatthemeetingarehighlyeducatedwomen.•b)Thechairmanofthedepartmentwasthemosthighlypaidmemberoffaculty.•5.anyway:(usedtochangethesubjectofaconversationortosupportanideaorargument)anyhow•Examples:--I'vegotaterriblecold.”•--Haveyou?Oh,dear.Anyway,soyou'renotgoingtogoawaythisweekend?•6.put/turntheclockback:returntoasituationthatusedtoexist,usuallybecausethepresentsituationisunpleasant•Examples:1)Theemploymentbillinwhichwomenarenotallowedtotakejobswillputtheclockbackfiftyyears.•2)Forgetallaboutitandlooktothefuture;youcan'tturntheclockback.•7.cutoff:stopproviding(sth.)•Examples:1)WaterandelectricitysuppliesinthecityhavebeencutoffbecauseoftheAmericanairattacks.•2)Theirphonehasbeencutoffbecausetheyhaven'tpaidthebill.•8.bringabout:make(sth.)happen•Examples:1)Someeducatorsarehopingtobringaboutmajorchangesintheeducationalsystem.•2)Jealousyinarelationshipisoftenbroughtaboutbyalackoftrust.•9.moreover:inadditiontowhathasbeensaid;further;besides•Examples:1)Localpeoplewouldlikeanewroad.Moreover,therearegoodeconomicreasonsforbuildingone.•2)Shesawthattherewasamanimmediatelybehindher.Moreoverhewasobservingherstrangely.•10.inquire:seekinformationbyquestioning;ask(alsospelledenquire;sometimesfollowedbyaboutorwh-clause)•Examples:1)Issomethingwrong?heinquired.•2)Iranguptoinquireabouttraintimes.•3)Heaskedforhiskeyandinquiredwhethertherehadbeenanymessagesforhim.•11....andhumaninitiativeandinventivenessaresuchthateventhiswouldn'tsucceed.:Ashumaninitiativeandinventivenessdoexist,eventhiswaytosuppressanythingnewworldwidewouldfail.•such...that:(formalorliterary)usedtogiveareasonorexplanationforsth.•Examples:1)Thenatureofthejobwassuchthathefeltobligedtotellnooneaboutit.•2)Hismannerwassuchthathewouldoffendeveryonehemet.•initiative:1)theabilitytomakedecisionsandtakeactionwithoutwaitingforsb.totellyouwhattodo•Examples:a)Iwishmysonwouldshowabitmoreinitiative.•b)Theworkersareabletosolvetheproblemsontheirowninitiative.•2)usedinthephrasetaketheinitiative:bethefirstpersontotakeactiontoimproveasituationorrelationship,esp.whenotherpeoplearewaitingforsb.elsetodosth.•Examples:a)Whydon'tyoutaketheinitiativeandarrangeameeting?•b)Don'tstandaroundwaitingforsomeoneelsetotaketheinitiative.•12.slowdown:becomeslower,ormakesb.orsth.slower•Examples:1)Itseemslikelythattheeconomywillslowdownoverthenexttwelvemonths.•2)Thereisnocureforthedisease,althoughdrugscanslowdownitsrateofdevelopment.•3)Thedriverslowedthebusdown