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英语阅读(一)试题第1页（共14页）4月份自考试题在线测试全国2012年4月高等教育自学考试英语阅读(一)试题课程代码：00595请将答案填在答题纸相应位置上I.CAREFULREADINGReadthefollowingpassagescarefully.DecideonthebestanswerandwritethecorrespondingletterontheANSWERSHEET.(40points,2pointseach)Passage1Questions1to5arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Peoplehavethoughtverydifferentlyaboutchildrenindifferenthistoricaleras.InancientRomeandthroughouttheMiddleAges,forexample,childhoodwasbrief:Aboyorgirlwasconsideredan“infant”untiltheageofsix,butsoonafterwardworkedalongsideadultsinthefields,intheworkshops,orathome.Childrenwerethoughttobeborninastateofsinandwereviewedasthepropertyoftheirfathers.Suchbeliefscontributedtostrictdisciplineofchildrenandneglectoftheirspecialneeds.TheseharshattitudessoftenedduringtheRenaissanceandEnlightenmentasthehumanisticspiritofthetimescausedarediscoveryofthespecialqualitiesofchildhood.Inpaintings,forexample,youngchildrenweredepictedasplayinganddoingotherchildishthings,ratherthanbeingshownasminiatureadults.Theimportanceofchildhoodasauniqueperiodofdevelopmentwasunderstoodmorefullyinthe17thand18thcenturies,asreflectedinthewritingsoftwoimportantEuropeanthinkers:theEnglishphilosopherJohnLockeandtheFrenchphilosopherJeanJacquesRousseau.JohnLockearguedthatthenewborninfantcomesintotheworldwithnoinheritedpredispositions(天性),butratherwithamindasa“blankslate”thatisgraduallyfilledwithideas,concepts,andknowledgefromexperiencesintheworld.Heconcludedthatthequalityofearlyexperiences,particularlyhowchildrenareraisedandeducated,shapesthedirectionofachild’slife.Later,JeanJacquesRousseauclaimedthatchildrenatbirthareinnatelygoodratherthanevil,andthattheirnaturaltendenciesshouldbeprotectedagainstthecorruptinginfluencesofsociety.Rousseau’sattitudehadanimportantinfluenceonsociety,andinspired，forexample，thenovelistsCharlesDickensandVictorHugo，whodecried(揭露)theexploitationofchildlaborandhighlightedtheneedforeducationalandsocialreform．英语阅读(一)试题第2页（共14页）1．ItcanbeinferredthatchildrenintheMiddleAges______．A．weremistreatedandexploitedB．weregenerallyregardedasminiatureadultsC．didnotobservetheinstitutionaldisciplinesD．didnotstarttheirchildhooduntiltheageofsix2．TheauthorcitestheexamplethetwoEuropeanthinkers’writingstoshowthat______.A．children’sbehaviorwasdescribedasadult-likeB．children’sinnocenceandplayfulnesswereneglectedC．childhoodwasrevealedasaperiodofindependenceD．childhoodwasrevealedasauniqueperiodofdevelopment3．The2ndparagraphisdevelopedby______．A．exampleB．definitionC．comparisonD．causeandeffect4．ThecentralargumentmadebyJohnLockeisthat______．A．children’sfuturedevelopmentdependsontheirgeneticbackgroundB．children’supbringingandearlyeducationmayshapetheirfuturelifeC．children’scharacterformationislargelyinfluencedbytheirparentsD．theproperwayofupbringingistokeepchildrenawayfromsociety5．Attheendofthepassage，thetwonovelistsarementionedtoemphasize______.A．thecallforeducationalandsocialreformB．theimportanceofchildren’sschooleducationC．theinfluenceofRousseau’sattitudetowardchildrenD．thepotentialnegativeinfluencesofsocietyonchildrenPassage2Questions6to10arebasedonthefollowingpassage．Ifambitionistobewellregarded，therewardsofambitionmustbeworthyofthesacrificesonambition’sbehalf.Ifthetraditionofambitionistohavevitality,itshouldbewidelyshared，anditespeciallymustbehighlyregardedbysuchpeopleastheeducated．whoarethemselvesadmired．Howeveritistheeducatedwhohaveclaimedtohavegivenupambitionasanideal．Whatisoddisthattheyhaveperhapsbenefitedmostfromambition，thoughtheambition英语阅读(一)试题第3页（共14页）maybemorethatoftheirparentsandgrandparentsthanoftheirown．Certainly,peopledonotseemlessinterestedinsuccessnowthanformerly．Infact，thesignsofsuccesssuchassummerhomes，EuropeantravelandBMWshaveneverceasedtobesoughtafter．Whathashappenedisthatpeoplecannotconfessfullytotheirdreams，aseasilyandopenlyasoncetheycould，lesttheybethoughttobeaggressive，materialisticorvulgar．Instead，whathasoftenconfusedusarethosefinehypocriticalspectacles：thecriticofAmericanmaterialisminpossessionofaSouthamptonsummerhome；thepublisherofradicalbookswhotakeshismealseverydayinfive-starrestaurants；thejournalistpromotingparticipatorydemocracyinallphasesoflife，whosendshisownchildrentoexpensiveprivateschools．Forsuchpeopleandmanymoreperhapsnotsoexceptional，themottois，“Succeedatallcostsbutavoidappearingambitious．’’Ambitionhasbeenattackedfromvariousangles；itspublicdefendersarefewandunimpressive，thoughtheyarenotextremelyunattractive．Asaresult，thesupportforambitionasahealthyimpulse，aqualitytobeadmiredbytheyoung，isprobablylowerthanithaseverbeenintheUnitedStates．Thisdoesnotmean,however，thatpeoplearenolongerambition-driven，butonlythat，nolongeropenlyhonored，ambitionhasbecomesomethingsmartlyconcealed．6．Accordingtothepassage，inordertokeepthevitalityofthetraditionofambitionthesuccessfulpeoplethemselvesmust______．A．highlyvalueitB．makesomesacrificesC．benefitfromitD．makesomecontributions7．Suchitemsassummerhomes，EuropeantravelandBMWsarelistedtoprovethat______．A．theseitemsarecommonlyusedtomeasuresucces