烟草原料学概论6

FERTILIZINGFLUECUREDVIRGINIATOBACCO烤煙的施肥朱列书湖南农业大学烟草工程技术研究中心2001年片煙的化學特性与國際標准YunnanTrialPacks2001192322192013181916151.991.922.372.202.532.703.714.423.303.670510152025X/PP/LCTLL%TotalSugar0.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.04.55.0%NicYunnan2001TrialPacks30282017141817142.94.04.22.22.73.53.82.405101520253035%TotalSugar00.511.522.533.544.5%NicYunnan%TSugarsBAT%TSugarsYunnan%NicBAT%NicYunnan%TSugars30282017BAT%TSugars14181714Yunnan%Nic2.382.864.034.15BAT%Nic2.22.73.53.8S2O2R2BF2Manageaccordingto:MoistureplantdaterainfallseedbedplasticTemperatureseedbedfieldridgeplantdateFertiliserTimesoilAmountsleachingPlacementFormulationAbsorptionVarietyClimateGeneticqualityDiseaseChoiceYieldChemistryGMOPlantpopulationToppingRipeningCuringGrading品种烘烤分級化肥溫度成熟打頂种植密度水分烟农过去的生产情况CurrentFarmerGroup%OfFarmersYieldKg/Mu100125kg/Mu150烟农生产水平整体得到提高ImprovementofEntireFarmerGroup%ofFarmers125125163kg/Mu200YieldKg/MuFieldLossesKg/Mu公斤/亩267240230226215210208202194192190180171166161156133129110130150170190210230250270290MaxPotential出现损失的方面10%LandSelection选地4%Rotation轮作2%Landpreparation整地5%FertilizerPlacement施肥2%pH酸碱度1%Fumigation消灭虫害及病害进行熏蒸3%SeedlingSelection选苗4%Plantingand%Stand移栽及成活率1%CorrectFertilization合理施肥&适时追肥1%PestControl防虫害5%WeedControl除杂草5%DiseaseControl防病害3%Topping打顶3%SuckerControl控制腋芽3%Curingcapacity烤房的能力15%CuringTechniques烘烤技术3%Grading/Handlingn平均雨量AverageSeasonalRainfall050100150200250`1`2`3`4`5`6MonthsAfterTrans-PlantingRainfallmmNorthCarolinaBrazilZimbabweDafang平均最高温度AverageSeasonalMaxTemperatures10152025303540`1`2`3`4`5`6WeeksAfterPlantingNorthCarolinaBrazilZimbabweDafang平均最低温度AverageSeasonalMinTemperatures5101520`1`2`3`4`5`6WeeksAfterPlantingNorthCarolinaBrazilZimbabweDafangMinimumTempsCDafang2001:Varieties,Yield&%Nic1681601581661411273.954.364.344.804.884.40100110120130140150160170180K326NCTG55COKER371RG8PVH01PVH09Kg/mu33344444555%NicKgs/MuAv%NicSuitableVarieties??适用的品种??FCVSoilTexture%OrganicMatterFertilitySandyLoam20Clay2%2.1%LowMediumSandyClayLoam20-40%Clay2.5%2.6%LowMediumClay40%Clay3.0%3.1%LowMediumFertilizeaccordingtoSoilFertilityPotentialofSoiltoProvideNutrients土壤提供養分的潛力•%Organicmatter=potentialsupplythisseason•%有机物=•%Clay=potentialtoholdnutrientagainstleaching+supply•%粘土=pH4.04.55.05.56.06.57.07.58.08.59.09.510pH4.04.55.05.56.06.57.07.58.08.59.09.510SoilpH&CuredLeafYieldsofBurleyTobacco白肋煙土壤pH&烤制后煙葉的產量SoilpH2900-2700-2500-2300-2100-5.05.45.86.26.6LimedUnlimedUrea-LimedSodiumNitrate-LimedUrea-UnlimedSodiumNitrate-UnlimedLeafYields(kg/ha)EffectsOfNitrogen氮肥的作用•Greatesteffectonalltobaccoofallnutrients•在所有的营养物质中对烟叶的影响最大•Sufficientprovides氮肥量足：–yield&sizeofleaf–产量&烟叶的大小–No3uptakeofp2o5&k2o–硝态氮P2O5&K2O的吸收–extendsgrowingperiod–延长生长期–controlsquality,colour&lustreofleaf–影响烟叶的质量，颜色&光泽EffectsOfNitrogen氮素的作用•InsufficientNitrogen氮素不足：–decreaseyield降低产量–decreasesquality降低质量–palercolourlackinglustre颜色较白，缺乏光泽–insipidtastetosmoke烟味平淡EffectsOfNitrogen氮素的作用•ExcessNitrogen氮素过多–delaysmaturity成熟迟缓–uptakeofk2oK2O的吸收–disease病害–attractsinsects吸引害虫–h2odemanddroughtresistance–对水的需求抗旱能力–thinshatterylowerleaflackingelasticity–下部叶身分薄，易碎，缺乏伸展性–veryfastburn燃烧速度加快–nicotinetoohigh尼古丁含量高FertilizerUptakefor200Kg/MuFcv200公斤/畝烤烟吸收的养分氮磷鉀叶莖和根整株NitrogenPhosphatePotassiumLeaves4.41.26.7Stem&Roots2.60.87.3Totaluptake7.02.014.0Kg/muMinNMaxNMinPMaxPMinKMaxKArgentina56671114Brazil5115669Chile121377710Guatemala67551418Honduras9911111417Mexico683479Venezuela696111016USA46010017Zimbabwe2651069阿根廷巴西智利危地馬拉洪都拉斯墨西哥委內瑞拉美國津巴布韋最小氮肥量最大氮肥量最小磷肥量最大磷肥量最小钾肥量最大钾肥量RangeofFertilizersAppliedAlsoconsiderwhenplantneedsNitrogen烤烟吸收营养的情况NutrientUptakeFCV05010015020025035791113WeeksAfterPlantingNutrientUptakeDryMatterK20NCaMgClp205sToppingGraphslikethismaybealittlemis-leading每周氮的用量打頂WeeklyNitrogenUse0510152025Week1Week2Week3Week4Week5Week6Week7Week8WeeksAfterPlanting%OfTotalNitrogen0.8kg0.25kg0.5kg1.25kg1.25kg1kg0.5kg0.25kgTotalFertilizerN=6kg/muTopping氮肥施用量&生长FertilizerNitrogenApplication&Growth051015202530Week1Week2Week3Week4Week5Week6Week7Week8Week9Week10Week11Week12Week13Week14WeeksAfterTrans-Planting%ofNUptakeSeason'sGrowth%OfTotalN1.1kg0.35kg0.7kg1.75kg1.75kg1.4kg0.7kg0.35kgTotalFertilizerN=8.5kg/muNitrogen氮肥•Fcvwilluse2formsofN烤烟有两种形式的氮肥•Nitrate(N03)硝态氮(NO3)–preferredandessentialforqualityleaf–喜欢吸收硝态氮，对于烟叶的质量很重要–essentialforseedlinggrowth–对烟苗的生长很重要–easilyavailabletotobacco–烟容易获得–easilylosttoleaching(anion)–容易流失(阴离子)Nitrogen氮肥•AmmoniumnitrogenNH4•铵态氮NH4–takenupifNo3available–如果有硝态氮，将优先吸收硝态氮–convertedtoNo3insoil–在土壤中转化成硝态–notaseasilyleached(cation)–不容易流失(离子)–BurleytoleratesmoreNH4thanFcv–白肋烟比烤烟易吸收NH40510152025300c5c10c15c20c25c30c35c38cSoilTemperatureSoilNitrateandTemperatures土壤中的氮量及土壤的温度NitrateN,AdequateWateratSoil24c0510152025Day1Day4Day7Day10Day13Day16Day19Day22Day25Day28Day31kgN/ha土壤溫度24ºC時，硝態氮，足量的水DafangJune26th2001DafangTrials2001ppmAvailableNitrogenAvailablep2o5kg/muAvailablek2o/mu%OrganicmatterpHField1,N&Topping1365232.16.2Field2,Plasticduration1364232.16.0Field3,Varietytrial1447232.45.6Field4,Nitrogenapplication1485142.45.3Field5,Toppingtime1207152.45.3DafangTrial