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第二讲ThestudyofvocabularyThispartisanintroductionaboutphenomenonofpolysemy.(一词多义;有多种解释)AsweknowEnglishlanguagepossessescertaindistinctivecharacteristicssuchasword-buildingcapacities,uniquepatternsofphraseorder,techniquesforlinkingclauseintosentences,markersofdiscourse(话语标志),andspecialdiscoursetypesofpoetry,proverb,song.Englishlanguageisrichinvocabularyfortheareaofculturalfocus(Newmark).Sowhenwedothetranslationweshouldpaymuchattentiontothephenomenonofpolysemy.1.polysemy(一词多义)Whatdoespolysemymean?Itmeanstheambiguity(可作两种或多种解释)ofanindividualwordorphrasethatcanbeused(indifferentcontexts)toexpresstwoormoredifferentmeaningsoronewordhasdiversityofmeanings.1.1Ambiguityofpropername（专有名词）America--美洲，美国，[pl.]南北美洲North[South]America北[南]美洲CentralAmerica中美洲LatinAmerica拉丁美洲theUnitedStatesofAmerica美利坚合众国(略作U.S.A.)▲Therearenow35inEngland,eightinScotland,twoinNorthernIrelandandoneinWales.England--AdivisionoftheUnitedKingdom,thesouthernpartoftheislandofGreatBritain.OriginallysettledbyCelticpeoples,itwassubsequentlyconqueredbyRomans,Angles,Saxons,Jutes,Danes,andNormans.ActsofunionjoinedEnglandwithWalesin1536,withScotlandin1707tocreatethepoliticalentityofGreatBritain,andwithIrelandin1801toformtheUnitedKingdom.LondonisthecapitalandthelargestcityofbothEnglandandtheUnitedKingdom.Population,46,220,955.英格兰：大不列颠和北爱尔兰联合王国的一部分，位于大不列颠岛南部。凯尔特人最早在此定居，随后罗马人、盎格鲁人、撒克逊人、朱特人、丹麦人及诺尔曼人相继征服英格兰。依据联合法案，1536年英格兰与威尔士合并，1707年同苏格兰合并，由此产生了大不列颠的政治统一体，并于1801年与爱尔兰联合形成联合王国。伦敦为英格兰和联合王国的首都及最大城市。人口46,220,955。Indian—adj.印度的,印度人的,印第安人的n.印度人,印第安人,印第安语China---china--High-qualityporcelainorceramicware,originallymadeinChina.瓷器：原产于中国的优质瓷器或陶瓷器1.2AmbiguityofcommonwordsTheambiguityofcommonwordsisacommonphenomenoninEnglishvocabulary.Themeaningofawordcanbeanewmeaningasanextensionoftheoriginal,concretemeaningandabstractmeaning.Succulent---1)Fullofjuiceorsap;juicy.充满汁液或树液的；多汁的2)BotanyHavingthick,fleshy,water-storingleavesorstems.【植物学】密集的、肉质的、多浆的叶或茎的3)Highlyinterestingorenjoyable;delectable:饶有趣味的：充满生机的或十分有趣的；令人愉快的：asucculentbitofgossip.饶有趣味的闲言碎语beauty--Onethatisbeautiful,especiallyabeautifulwoman.（concretemeaning）美人,尤指美丽的女人Beautyintheeye(ofbeholder).情人眼里出西施。asocietybeauty交际花Beautyisonlyskindeep.(美貌是肤浅的)Shy—(ofpersons)uncomfortableinthepresenceofothers害羞Thegirlisveryshy.(ofanimals)easilyfrightenedorstartled易受惊吓（ALD）Africanantelopes(nyala)areshyandnocturnal,inhabitingdenseundergrowth…▲Elevenisoneshyofadozen.十一比十二差一个▲Wearestillshyofonevotetosucceedinthiselection.Case—n.事例，案例，病例格，（主格，宾格，所有格）thesubjectivecase,theobjectivecase,thepossessivecaseFindthemeaningofthefollowingcolorwordsorphrasesinthedictionary:▲Thethiefcasedthebankbeforerobbingit.盗贼在抢劫银行前对其踩点。inanycase无论如何incaseof如果发生inthecaseof就...来说,关于casework社会工作casestudy个案研究walkingcase【医】门诊病人;轻伤员softsoftmoney纸币softwords动听的话softfire文火softgoods纺织品softhatsofttarget.容易受伤害的人Atthisstage,thereisonlysoftintelligenceabouttheenemy’sintention.Weshouldnotshoothimfromthehip.在目前，关于敌人的意图还只有不充分的情报，我们不能鲁莽行事。▲1.3ThenewmeaningfromthecompoundofcommonwordsLuguoqiang(1999:20)pointsoutthatsemanticstructureofnounphrasecanbedividedintotwotypes:oneisfreephrase;theotherissetphrase.Thefirsttypeisthatthenouncombineswithanothernounoradjectivefreelytoformaphraseandwecangetthemeaningofthephraseaccordingthecombinationofeachword.Foraexample,“beautiful+scenery”,beautiful+woman,wecangetthemeaningclearlyfromthecombinationoftwowordsbecausethenewmeaningofthephraseisjustthemeaningofthewholegroupofwordstakentogether.Howevertherearesomephraseswhichwecannotgetthemeaningfromthecombinationofthewholegroupofwordsbecausethemeaningofthewholegroupofwordstakentogetherhaslittle,oftennothingtodowiththemeaningofwordstakenonebyone.Forinstance,to“letthecatoutofbag”meanstorevealasecret.Thephrasehasnothingtodowithacatorabagtoday.Sowhenwedothetranslationweshouldpaymuchattentiontothesetphraseoridioms.▲Raggedschool(贫民免费学校)araggedtramp一个衣衫褴褛的流浪汉acolumnoftextsetwitharaggedrightmargin.一段右边缘参差不齐的课文（Havinganirregularsurfaceoredge）araggedperformance.不佳的表演imperfect;araggedcough.一声刺耳的咳嗽harsh;▲realtennis室内网球---anancientformoftennisplayedinafour-walledcourt[同]courttennis,realtennis,royaltennisDry–Drystone根据美国传统词典的解释，dry是形容词,其本意是Freefromliquidormoisture，干的：不含液体或湿气；相关的词义还有：1）Havingorcharacterizedbylittleornorain:干燥的,以少雨或无雨为特点的adryclimate.干燥的气候2）Markedbytheabsenceofnaturalornormalmoisture:干旱的：缺乏自然或正常的潮湿adrymonth.干旱的月份3）Notunderwater:不用水的dryland.干燥的土地4）Havingallthewaterorliquiddrainedaway,evaporated,orexhausted:干涸的：全部水或液体都被排走，蒸发或耗尽的adryriver.干涸的河道其引申义有：1）Nolongeryieldingliquid,especiallymilk:无奶的：不再产液体的，尤指奶水adrycow.无奶的牛2）Lackingamucousorwaterydischarge:无分泌物的：缺少黏性或水分的排放物adrycough.干咳3）Notsheddingtears:无泪的drysobs.无泪的啜泣4）Needingordesiringdrink;thirsty:缺水的，想饮水的；渴的adrymouth.干渴的嘴5）Oforrelatingtosolidratherthanliquidsubstancesorcommodities:固态的，无水的：属于或关于固态而非液态物质或商品的dryweight.脱水重量6）Notsweetasaresultofthedecompositionofsugarduringfermentation.Usedofwines.无甜味的：由于发酵期间糖的分解而失去甜味的。用于酒Havingalargeproportionofstrongliquortootheringredients:干（酒）：酒精含量大大超过其它成份的adrymartini.干马提尼酒7）Eatenorservedwithoutbutter,gravy,orothergarnish:吃时