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SECTION2:READINGTESTDirections:Inthissectionyouwillreadseveralpassages.Eachoneisfollowedbyseveralquestionsaboutit.YouaretochooseONEbestanswer,(A),(B),(C)or(D),toeachquestion.AnswerallthequestionsfollowingeachpassageonthebasisofwhatisstatedorimpliedinthatpassageandwritetheletteroftheansweryouhavechoseninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.Question1-5Lifeexpectancyintherichestcountriesoftheworldnowexceedsthepoorestbymorethan30years,figuresshow.Thegapiswideningacrosstheworld,withWesterncountriesandthegrowingeconomiesofLatinAmericaandtheFarEastadvancingmorerapidlythanAfricaandthecountriesoftheformerSovietUnion.AveragelifeexpectancyinBritainandsimilarcountriesoftheOECDwas78.8in2000-05,anincreaseofmorethansevenyearssince1970-75andalmost30yearsoverthepastcentury.Insub-SaharanAfrica,lifeexpectancyhasincreasedbyjustfourmonthssince1970,to46.1years.Narrowingthishealthgapwillinvolvegoingbeyondtheimmediatecausesofdisease-poverty,poorsanitationandinfection-totacklethecausesofthecauses-thesocialhierarchiesinwhichpeoplelive,saysthereportpublishedbytheGlobalCommissionontheSocialDeterminantsofHealthestablishedbytheWHOin2005.ProfessorSirMichaelMarmot,chairmanofthecommission,whofirstcoinedthetermstatussyndrome,saidsocialstatuswasthekeytotacklinghealthinequalitiesworldwide.Inthe1980s,inaseriesofground-breakingstudiesamongWhitehallcivilservants,ProfessorMarmotshowedthattheriskofdeathamongthoseonthelowerrungsofthecareerladderwasfourtimeshigherthanthoseatthetop,andthatthedifferencewaslinkedwiththedegreeofcontroltheindividualshadovertheirlives.Hesaidyesterdaythatthesameruleappliedinpoorercountries.Ifpeopleincreasedtheirstatusandgainedmorecontrolovertheirlivestheyimprovedtheirhealthbecausetheywerelessvulnerabletotheeconomicandenvironmentalthreats.Whenpeoplethinkaboutthoseinpoorcountriestheytendtothinkaboutpoverty,lackofhousing,sanitationandexposuretoinfectiousdisease.Butthereisanotherissue,thesocialgradientinhealthwhichIcalledstatussyndrome.Itisnotjustthoseatthebottomofthehierarchywhohaveworsehealth;itisallthewayalongthescale.Thosesecondfromthebottomhaveworsehealththanthoseabovethembutbetterhealththanthosebelow.Theinterimreportofthecommission,intheonlineeditionofTheLancet,saystheeffectsofstatussyndromeextendfromthebottomtothetopofthehierarchy,withSwedishadultsholdingaPhDhavingalowerdeathratethanthosewithamaster'sdegree.Thestudysays:Thegradientisaworldwideoccurrence,seeninlow-income,middle-incomeandhigh-incomecountries.Itmeansweareallimplicated.TheresultisthatevenwithinrichcountriessuchasBritaintherearestrikinginequalitiesinlifeexpectancy.ThepoorestmeninGlasgowhavealifeexpectancyof54,lowerthantheaverageinIndia.Theanswer,thereportsays,isempowerment,ofindividuals,communitiesandwholecountries.Technicalandmedicalsolutionssuchasmedicalcarearewithoutdoubtnecessary.Buttheyareinsufficient.ProfessorMarmotsaid:Wetalkaboutthreekindsofempowerment.Ifpeopledon'thavethematerialnecessities,theycannotbeempowered.Thesecondkindispsycho-socialempowerment:morecontrolovertheirlives.Thethirdispoliticalempowerment:havingavoice.Thecommission'sfinalreport,tobepublishedsoon,willidentifytheilleffectsoflowstatusandmakerecommendationsforhowtheycanbetackled.InBritainacenturyago,infantmortalityamongtherichwasabout100per1,000livebirthscomparedwith250per1,000amongthepoor.InfantmortalityisstilltwiceashighamongthepoorinBritain,buttherateshavecomedowndramaticallyto7per1,000amongthepoorand3.5amongtherich.ProfessorMarmotsaid:Wehavemadedramaticprogress,butthisisnotaboutabolishingtherankings,butbyidentifyingtheilleffectsofhierarchieswecanmakehugeimprovement.1.WhichofthefollowingCANNOTbefoundfromthepassage?(A)LifeexpectancyinLatinAmericaandtheFarEastisincreasingfasterthanAfrica.(B)InAfrica,lifeexpectancyhadonlyincreasedbyfouryearssince1970to46.1years.(C)Thereisagapofmorethan30yearsinlifeexpectancybetweentherichestcountriesandthepoorestcountries.(D)Withinrichcountriestherearealsogreatinequalitiesinlifeexpectancybetweentherichandthepoor.2.Accordingtothepassage,thetermstatussyndrome_______,(A)wasfirstacceptedbytheWorldHealthOrganisationin2005(B)wasproposedbyProfessorMarmottodescribesocialchanges(C)isusedtoexposethemajorcausesofhealthinequalities(D)isusedtoshowthecorrelationbetweensanitationandinfection3.Accordingtothepassage,theeffectsofstatussyndrome_______.(A)canonlybefoundfromthoselivingatthebottomofthesociety(B)usuallyaregreateramongthosefromthelowerclasses(C)arethesameonpeoplefromeachladderofthesocialhierarchy(D)extenduniversallyfromthebottomtothetopofthesocialhierarchy4.ProfessorMarmotproposedthatempowermentshould________.(A)mainlyincludetechnicalandmedicaladvancement(B)beequaltoaccesstomaterialnecessities(C)bematerial,psycho-socialandpolitical(D)bethefinalanswertothesocialproblemofhealthgap5.Whatcanbeconcludedfromthepassage?(A)Healthinequalityiscloselyrelatedtosocialhierarchies.(B)Thecausesofthecausesofhealthgaplieinthedifferencesbetweenrichandpoorcountries.(C)Socialrankingshouldbeultimatelyabolished.(D)Therichcountriesshouldgivemoreassistancetopoorcountriestofillth