《英汉法律互译》第七章第八节1/17/2020滕超孔飞燕1第八节货物进出口贸易合同(II)所谓锁定交易方式功能,即确定交易的完成程序(吴江水2005:21)。该模块涉及货物的保险、运输、交付与付款。由于这些领域存在多项国际惯例,因而其处理应多参照这些惯例的英文文本,包括《跟单信用证统一惯例第600号》(UCP600)、《跟单托收统一规则第522号》(URC522)及《国际贸易术语解释通则》(2000年版)。[7.8.1]保险条款例【1】保险:由________按发票金额110%,投保________险,另加保________险至________为止。对照译文:Insurance:tobecoveredbythe________for110%oftheinvoicevaluecovering________additional________from________to________.涉外合同因其风险较大而通常约定有保险条款,譬如例【1】。笔者以为,该条款对照译文中最大的缺陷莫过于未采用完整句式,而是代之以不定式短语。此译文既未能明确指出保险标的,又毫无必要地使用被动式,这完全不符合英语合同范本的行文习惯。为了说明问题,我们不妨以《施工合同条件》第18.2条(InsuranceforWorksandContractor’sEquipment)第1、2款为例展开分析:TheinsuringPartyshallinsuretheWorks,Plant,MaterialsandContractor’sDocumentsfornotlessthanthefullreinstatementcost…TheinsuringPartyshallmaintainthisinsurancetoprovidecoveruntilthedateofissueofthePerformanceCertificate,forlossordamageforwhichtheContractorisliablearisingfromacauseoccurringpriortotheissueoftheTaking-OverCertificate,andforlossordamagecausedbytheContractorinthecourseofanyotheroperations(includingthoseunderClause11[DefectsLiability]).上述两款规定先以“insure”引出保险标的“theWorks,Plant,《英汉法律互译》第七章第八节1/17/2020滕超孔飞燕2MaterialsandContractor’sDocuments”,再以“providecoverfor”限定保险责任的范围“lossordamageforwhichtheContractorisliablearisingfromacauseoccurringpriortotheissueoftheTaking-OverCertificate”与“lossordamagecausedbytheContractorinthecourseofanyotheroperations(includingthoseunderClause11[DefectsLiability])”。比较而言,对照译文却并未加区别,仅用“cover”一词,自然极易导致读者歧义。此外,该译文末尾还续着“additional________from________to________”,更是不知所云。事实上,原文“至________为止”的真正作用在于约定保险期限,其含义相当于前引施工合同条款中的“maintain…until”。比较《跟单信用证统一惯例》(UCP500)第34条(InsuranceDocuments)f款:f.ii.…or110%ofthegrossamountoftheinvoice…及《跟单信用证统一惯例》(UCP600)第28条(InsuranceDocumentandCoverage)f款:f.ii.…theamountofinsurancecoveragemustbeatleast110%oftheCIForCIPvalueofthegoods.显然,以下推荐译文更为合理。推荐译文:Insurance:The________shallinsurethegoodsfor110%oftheamountoftheinvoiceandshallmaintainthisinsurancetoprovidecoverfor_______inadditionto_______until________.[7.8.2]付款条件例【2】《英汉法律互译》第七章第八节1/17/2020滕超孔飞燕3付款条件:买方通过________银行在____年____月____日前开出以卖方为受益人的________期信用证。付款交单:买方应对卖方开具以买方为付款人的见票后____天付款的跟单汇票,付款时交单。承兑交单:买方应对卖方开具以买方为付款人的见票后____天承兑跟单汇票,承兑时交单。货到付款:买方在收到货物后____天内将全部货款支付卖方(不适用于FOB、CFR、CIF术语)。——《中国对外贸易货物进口合同》对照译文:Termsofpayment:ThebuyersshallopenaLetterofCreditat____sightthrough________bankinfavorofthesellerspriorto________.Documentsagainstpayment:(D/P)Thebuyersshalldulymakethepaymentagainstdocumentarydraftmadeouttothebuyersat____sightbythesellers.Documentsagainstacceptance:(D/A)Thebuyersshalldulyacceptthedocumentarydraftmadeouttothebuyersat____sightbythesellers.Cashondelivery:(COD)Thebuyersshallpaytothesellerstotalamountwithin____daysafterthereceiptofthegoods(ThisclauseisnotappliedtothetermsofFOB,CFR,CIF).例【3】付款条件:买方不迟于____年____月____日前将100%的货款用即期汇票/电汇送抵卖方。买方须于____年____月____日前通过________银行开出以卖方为受益人的不可撤销________期信用证,并注明在上述装运日期后____天内在中国议付有效,信用证须注明合同编号。付款交单:买方应对卖方开具以买方为付款人的见票后____天付款跟单汇票,付款时交单。承兑交单:买方应对卖方开具的以买方为付款人的见票后____天承兑跟单汇票,承兑时交单。——《中国对外贸易货物进口合同》对照译文:Termsofpayment:Thebuyersshallpay100%ofthesalesproceedsthroughsight(demand)draft/byT/Tremittancetothesellersnotlaterthan________.ThebuyersshallissueanirrevocableL/Cat____sightthrough________bankinfavorofthesellerspriorto________indicatingL/CshallbevalidinChinathroughnegotiationwithin____dayafter《英汉法律互译》第七章第八节1/17/2020滕超孔飞燕4theshipmenteffected,theL/CmustmentiontheContractNumber.Documentsagainstpayment:(D/P)Thebuyersshalldulymakethepaymentagainstdocumentarydraftmadeouttothebuyersat____sightbythesellers.Documentsagainstacceptance:(D/A)Thebuyersshalldulyacceptthedocumentarydraftmadeouttothebuyersat____daysbythesellers.涉外货物买卖合同中买方所承担的最主要义务乃是付款,而约定买方履行此项义务的条件则关系到双方当事人的风险划分。本例所引条款列举了两大类(顺汇与逆汇)共五种结算方式。[7.8.21]顺汇所谓顺汇,是指由债务人主动将款项交给银行,委托银行使用某种结算工具,支付一定金额给国外债权人的结算方式。①[7.8.211]货到付款本款仅见于《中国对外贸易货物进口合同》。原文中“不适用于FOB、CFR、CIF术语”的约定,实际上是要将该条款的适用与其后的转运条款联系起来,即如果转运条款为“FOB、CFR、CIF”,则不适用此种付款方式。由此可见,对照译文的处理似乎紧扣原文的表现形式,却不能真正反映原文的实质内容。故笔者以为应当采用如下推荐译文:PaymentafterArrivalofGoods:TheBuyershallpaytotheSellerthetotalpriceofthegoodswithin____daysafterthereceiptofthegoods(ThisclausedoesnotapplywhenthetermisFOB,CFRorCIF).[7.8.212]票汇与电汇《中国对外贸易货物出口合同》中规定的第一种付款条件也属于顺汇,却不同于前面讨论的“货到付款”:“货到付款”仅规定了付款①摘自《中国大百科全书·财政·税收·金融·价格》(电子版)“国际结算”条目。《英汉法律互译》第七章第八节1/17/2020滕超孔飞燕5的时间;而本款还规定了汇付的方式——即票汇或者电汇。原文中的“100%的货款”与“货到付款”中的“全部货款”含义相同。所谓货款,当然是指货物的价款,即英美法中的“priceofthegoods”。依据《布莱克法律词典》的定义,“price”意为:Theamountofmoneyorotherconsiderationaskedfororgiveninexchangeforsomethingelse;thecostatwhichsomethingisboughtorsold.(Garner2004:1226)故笔者以为应当采用如下推荐译文:TheBuyershallpaynolaterthan________100%ofthepriceofthegoodstotheSellerthroughasightdraft/telegraphictransfer.[7.8.22]逆汇所谓逆汇,是指由债权人以出具票据的方式,委托银行向国外债务人收取一定金额的结算方式。②[7.8.221]信用证信用证是买方向卖方承诺付款时提供的一种银行信用保证书,即买方申请银行(开证行)开立的,在一定期限内按规定条件支付一定金额的书面承诺。③由此定义可知,原文条款中所谓买方通过银行开出信用证,其实际含义却为买方申请银行开立信用证。因此,对照译文将之译成“ThebuyersshallopenaLetterofCredit”及“ThebuyersshallissueanirrevocableL/C”不妥。参照《跟单信用证统一惯例》(UCP600)第2条(Definitions)中的两项定义:Honourmeans:a.topayatsightifthecreditisavailablebysightpayment.②摘自《中国大百科全书·