紧固件和结构连接件

第23讲：紧固件和结构连接件Lesson23:FastenersandFramingConnectors1木产品的连接Connectingwoodproducts三种基本的连接：Threebasiccategoriesofconnections:木材和木材连接Wood-to-wood木材和混凝土连接Wood-to-concreteormasonry木材和钢材连接Wood-to-steel3木产品的连接Connectingwoodproducts结构构件、覆面板同其它木产品或混凝土或砌体的连接有多种方法：Severalmethodscanbeusedtoconnectorreinforcejointsbetweenframingmembers,sheathingandotherwoodproductsorconcreteormasonry:紧固件（例如–钉子、码钉、螺丝和螺栓）Fasteners(e.g.nails,staples,screwsandbolts)轻型金属结构连接件Lightmetalframingconnectors结构用胶Constructionadhesives4木产品的连接Connectingwoodproducts现代梁柱式结构和传统重木结构有其他的连接方法：Othermethodsareusedforconnectionsinmodernpostandbeamandtraditionaltimberframeconstruction梁柱式结构上一般使用特殊的重型金属连接件，可以快速、经济地实现高强度的连接Postandbeamtypicallyusesspecialheavymetalconnectorsforspeed,economyandstrength传统重木结构采用榫卯和木钉连接Traditionaltimberframeusesjointgeometryandwoodenpegs在这两种建筑中，连接件大多暴露在外作为建筑的一部分Forbothformsofconstruction,connectionsareoftenexposedasanarchitecturalfeature5重型金属连接件Heavymetalconnectors现代梁柱式建筑的隐形连接Exampleofconcealedconnectionsformodernpostandbeamconstruction6木柱子和梁的连接Woodposttowoodbeamconnection木柱子和混凝土的连接Woodposttoconcreteconnection重型金属连接件Heavymetalconnectors现代梁柱式建筑中暴露在外的连接Exampleofexposedconnectionformodernpostandbeamconstruction7传统细木工Traditionaljoinery传统重木结构建筑的接头样式Examplesofjointsfortraditionaltimberframeconstruction8木钉用于紧固连接部位Woodpegsusedtosecurejoint传统细木工Traditionaljoinery传统重木结构建筑的接头样式Examplesofjointsfortraditionaltimberframeconstruction9钉子Nails钉连接是现代木结构施工中最常见的连接方式Nailingismostcommonmethodtojoinmembersinmodernwoodframeconstruction钉子就像是削尖的螺栓被压到木材中Nailsaresharpenedmetalpinsdrivenintowood木质纤维和钉子表面之间的摩擦力形成了钉子握钉力Pressureofthewoodfibersagainstthesurfaceofthenailgiveititsholdingpower常见的钉子具有光滑的钉径，也有扭曲的或者带圈的钉子，握钉力更强Nailsusuallyhavesmoothshanksbutcanbetwistedorringedforgreaterholdingpower10光滑的钉径（常规的握钉力）Smoothshank(normalholdingpower)麻花或者螺纹钉径（增加的握钉力）Twistedorspiralshank(increasedholdingpower)带圈的钉径（最大的握钉力）Ringedshank(mostholdingpower)钉子Nails钉子种类Typesofnails普通钉是木结构建筑中最常用的钉子Commonnailsareusedmostofteninwoodframeconstruction箱钉与普通钉外观类似，但钉径较细，钉头偏小，不易使木材开裂Boxnailsaresimilarinappearancetocommonnailsbuthavethinnershanksandsmallerheadsmakingthemlesslikelytosplitwood双头钉有两个钉头，用于临时性建筑或构件（比如支撑，模板或脚手架等），便于拆除Duplexnailshaveadoubleheadforeasilyremovalintemporaryconstruction(e.g.braces,formworkorscaffolding)11普通钉Commonnail箱钉Boxnail双头钉Duplexnail钉子Nails钉子的钉尖形状决定其劈裂木材的力度Shapeofanail’spointaffectsitstendencytosplitthewood钉尖越尖，钉子越容易钉入Sharperpointmakesthenailactmorelikeawedgethanapunch钉尖越尖，越易钉入，握钉力越强，同时也越容易造成木材开裂Easiertodriveandresultsinhigherholdingpowerbutismorelikelytosplitthewood12钝菱形钉尖:连接较硬木材，减少劈裂Bluntdiamond(forharderwoodtoreducesplitting)长菱形钉尖：更易钉入Longdiamond(foreasierdriving)锥形钉尖：连接木材和砌砖Conical(toattachwoodtomasonry)菱形钉尖：最常见的钉尖形状Diamond(mostcommonshape)钉子Nails钉子尺寸Sizesofnails钉子长度尺寸范围为13mm至150mmNailsarespecifiedbytheirlengthandrangefrom13mmto150mm美制用“便士尺寸”（penny)表示普通钉子尺寸，表示为字母“d”，例如8d=64mm,10d=76mm,16d=89mmU.S.systemofmeasurementforcommonnailsisthe“penny”abbreviated‘d’(e.g.8d=64mm,10d=76mm,16d=89mm)长钉长度大的钉子称作长钉，其长度为100mm到350mmLargenailsarecalledspikesandrangefrom100mmto350mminlength13长钉Spike钉子Nails钉子Nails三种基本钉钉方法：Threebasicmethodsofnailing:1.水平钉钉：三种方法中连接强度最大Facenailing:strongestofthreemethods2.垂直钉钉：力度偏弱，主要用于连接并对齐结构构件，再依靠重力作用和覆面板作用力来加强垂直钉钉的连接强度Endnailing:muchweakerandusedprimarilytoholdframingmembersinalignmentuntilgravityforcesandsheathingisappliedtostrengthentheconnection3.斜向钉钉：正确操作下，连接强度几乎与水平钉钉一样强Toenailing:Correctlydone,canbealmostasstrongasfacenailing14水平钉钉Facenailing斜向钉钉Toenailing垂直钉钉Endnailing钉子Nails钉枪的使用可以有效地提高施工效率Usingaframingnailersignificantlyimprovesproductivity绝大多数是钉枪都是气动的Mostframingnailersarepneumatic两种类型：排钉枪和卷钉枪Twotypes:Stick-styleandcoil-style15卷钉枪Coil-styleframingnailer排钉枪Stick-styleframingnailer钉子Nails避免钉子钉入连接件过深或未完全钉入，尤其是钉接覆面板时Avoidoverdrivingorunderdrivingfasteners,especiallyforsheathing钉枪使用不当会造成钉子钉入过深Improperlyadjustedframingnailercanoverdrivefasteners钉子钉入不当会减弱连接强度，同时也会减少覆面板的剪力强度Improperlydrivennailsweakentheconnectionandreduceshearstrengthprovidedbysheathing连接墙体和屋面覆面板时，紧固件钉入覆面板过深，过深长度不能多于3mmForwallandroofsheathing,limitoverdrivingoffastenerstoamaximumof3mm如果超过20%的紧固件件钉入过深且过深长度超过3mm时，必须增加坚固件的数量Ifmorethan20%offastenersareoverdrivenmorethan3mm,additionalfastenersmustbeadded16钉子应与覆面板表面平齐Nailsshouldbedrivenflushtothefaceofasheathingpanel钉子Nails17钉子与连接件表面平齐Nailsareflush钉子钉入过深Nailsareoverdriven部分钉子未完全钉入Somenailsareunderdriven钉接连接件时务必留意，切勿钉入过深或未完全钉入Careshouldalsobeexercisedwhennailingconnectorstoavoidoverdrivingorunderdrivingfasteners钉子Nails钉钉子时对眼睛和听力的保护非常重要Eyeandhearingprotectionareessentialwhendrivingnails有时钉钉子会有小块金属碎片飞溅开来Smallflyingmetalfragmentssometimesresultfromhammeringanail有时钉枪会意外走火或打击到别的物体Framingnailerscanaccidentallyfireorstrikeotherobjects钉枪操作过程中会搅动灰尘和尘垢飞扬Dustanddirtarestirred-upwhenaframingnailerisfired钉枪操作过程中会产生非常大的噪音Framingnailersalsogenerateveryloudburstsofnoise18码钉Staples专用的码钉在特定情况下可以替代钉子Specialstaplescanbeusedincertainapplicationsinsteadofnails码钉是U形的金属坚固件StapesareU-shapedmetalwirefasteners通常用于墙体或屋面覆面板与结构构件的连接固定Typicalapp