WTO Dispute Settlement WTO争端解决机制

DisputeSettlementinWTOPartOneTheestablishmentofDSBFromGATTtoWTOWhythetradedisputealwayshappen?Reasons•tariffbarrier•quotalimit•tradepolicy•investmentbarrier•andsoon...DisputeSettlemntinWTOBeforetheGATT,theinternationaltradedisputesalwaysbesolvedbythemselves.(Suchasinternationallaworbilateralagreement(双边协定))DuringtheGATT,therearesomelawstohelpmemberstosolvingtradedisputes,buttheselawshavenoexactorganizationtosolvedisputes.GATThavetofacelotsofproblems,suchastheprotectionism.Theearlyerperiod:DuringtheGATTtime•Inanycase,GATTisstillhavesomeusefullawstohelpmemberstosolvedisputes.During1948-1959,thisisthe“goldperiod”ofGATT'sDSB.Theearlyerperiod:DuringtheGATTtime•ThedrawbackofGATT'sDSB:1.TheGATT'sDSBisonlywithinthecargostrade.2.Therearenotimeframes,alwaysspendlotsoftimetosolvedispute.3.ThespecialistofGATTarecombinedwiththerepresentiveofmembers.(Thesespecialistsarealwaysinfluencedbycountrybenefitsandtheirgovernments)4.andsoon...（reverseconsensusandeffectivemonitoring）.Theearlyerperiod:DuringtheGATTtime(Drawbacks)TherequestwillnotpassifallthemembersdisagreeThedifferencesbetweenGATTandWTO:1.TheWTO'sDSBisanunifiedDSB,ithasmorepoweronsolvingdispute.2.WTO'sDSBhaveaspecialorganizationtosolvethesedisputes.3.WTO'sDSBimprovedthewholeprocessofwork.4.WTO'sDSBaremorepowerfulonsupervisingandexcutingoftheresolutionmadebyPanel.5.WTO'sDSBhaveacleartimetable.Thelatestperiod:WTO'sDSBPartTwoTheDisputeSettlementSysteminWTOOverallaim:tosecurecompliancewiththeAgreementsQuasi-judicialNature(准司法性质)SecuredaccessDetailedproceduresAutomaticityintheproceedingsDeadlinesPossibleappeal上诉DisputeSettlemntinWTO:OverviewDisputeSettlemntinWTO:ScopeAnintegratedsystem:AppliestoallthemultilateralagreementsAsinglesetofrulesforalldisputesOnlyafewspecificrulesinsomeagreementsDisputeSettlmentinWTO:MainPlayersDisputeSettlementBody(DSB)争端解决机构PanelandAppellateBody专家组&上诉机构Parties:WTOMembersWTOSecretariatWTO秘书处DisputeSettlemntinWTO:MainPlayersRelationshipMinisterialConferenceDisputeSettlementBodyRequestforpannelofWTOmemberPannelAppeleateBodyDisputeSettlemntinWTO:MainPrecedures磋商专家组程序上诉程序执行程序DisputeSettlemntinWTO:Consultation：Request磋商请求Indicatesreasonsfortherequest:identificationof•themeasures•legalbasisforcomplaintNotifiedtoDSBandcirculatedtoallMembersDisputeSettlemntinWTO:ConsultationFunctionandThirdPartyto“accordsympatheticconsiderationandaccordadequateopportunityforconsultation…”confidential,onlybetweentheMembersconcernedThirdPartyBut,insomeinstances,otherWTOMemberscanrequesttobejoinedintheconsultationsArticle4.11DSU•“substantialtradeinterest”DisputeSettlemntinWTO:IfnotsuccessfulIfconsultationsfailtoresolvethematterwithin60daysfromreceiptofrequest…..Orifnoresponseornoenteringintoconsultations….ArequestforestablishmentofaPanel（专家组程序）canbemadeDisputeSettlemntinWTO:EstablishmentofPannelsRequestforestablishment:must“identifythespecificmeasuresatissueandprovideabriefsummaryofthelegalbasisoftheproblemsufficienttopresenttheproblemclearly”EstablishmentatthelatestatthesecondDSBmeetingatwhichtherequestismade;decidedbyreverseconsensusDisputeSettlemntinWTO:EstablishmentofPannels(Article7DSU)Standard,orSpecialtermsofreferencePanelComposition:(Article8DSU)“well-qualifiedgovernmentand/ornon-governmentalindividuals”SecretariatproposalsindicativelistofpanelistsnominationbyDirector-GeneralDisputeSettlemntinWTO:WorkofPannelsOralhearings(usually2),onbasisofwrittensubmissionsDescriptivepartofreportissuedtopartiesTemporaryreviewbasedondraftreportFinalreportissuedtopartiesFinalreportcirculatedtoallMembersDisputeSettlemntinWTO:PanelProcedures:DurationAsageneralrule,9monthsfromestablishmentofpaneltoconsiderationofreportforadoption(ifnoappeal)12monthswherereportisappealed(Article20DSU)DisputeSettlemntinWTO:AdoptionofPanelReportsAdoptionwithin60daysofcirculation,byreverseconsensus….…ExceptifappealedDisputeSettlemntinWTO:AppellateReviewAppellateBody7membersmemberstohaverecognizedauthorityandexpertiseininternationaltradelawmembersunaffiliatedwithanygovernmentAppealslimitedto“issuesoflawandlegalinterpretationsdevelopedbythePanel”AppealonlyopentopartiestothedisputeAppellateReview:ReportandAdoptionReportoftheAppellateBody:“mayuphold,modifyorreversethelegalfindingsandconclusionsofthepanel”(ArtDSU)AdoptionofAppellateBodyreport:byreverseconsensus(反向一致原则)within30daysofcirculationtoMembersDisputeSettlemntinWTO:ImplementationIfthereisafindingofViolationMembermustbringthemeasuresintoconformitywithitsWTOobligations(Article19DSU)MembermustinformDSBofitsintentionsforimplementationoftherecommendations(Article1DSU)DisputeSettlemntinWTO:ImplementationDeterminationof“reasonableperiodoftime”forimplementation:proposedbyMember,andapprovedbyDSB,ormutuallyagreedbytheparties,ordeterminedthrougharbitration:“guidelineforthearbitrator”:15monthsfromthedateofadoption(Article21.3DSU)DisputeSettlemntinWTO:implementation：SurveillanceSurveiledbytheDSB•StatusreportsonimplementationTemporarymeasures•IfMemberfailstobringmeasureintoconformitywithinreasonableperiodoftime,p