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The–ingformastheSubjectandObjectGrammarHaveyoueverseenthesesigns?parking,spitting,littering,smoking-ingforms1.动词-ing形式的构成:是在动词末尾加-ing形式构成,因此又叫动词的-ing形式。如:do-doing,be-being,ask-asking,etc.否定形式:not+-ing构成2.动词-ing形式不能单独作谓语,没有人称和数的变化,但可以有时态和语态的变化,如havingdone,beingdone。3.动词-ing形式由动词加-ing变化而成,它同时具有名词和动词的特征,在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、宾补、状语等。一、动词-ing形式作主语表示经常的、习惯性的动作或状态,谓语动词通常用单数。如：对年轻人和老年人来讲,走路是一种很好的锻炼。Walkingisagoodformofexerciseforbothyoungandold.在电视上看新闻已经成了我的一种日常习惯WatchingnewsonTVhasbecomearoutine（日常习惯）forme.乘火车去杭州要16个小时。GoingtoHangzhoubytraintakesabout16hours.在我们国家问一个女人的年龄是不礼貌的。Askingawoman’sageisimpoliteinourcountry.一个英语句子是由主谓宾构成的。通常情况下，主语和宾语通常是由名称或代词充当的。当主语和宾语变成了动词,用法是主动的必须用doing,被动的必须用beingdone.也可用one’sdoing或one’sbeingdone.否定时not必须放在doing之前。1)____isagoodformofexerciseforbothyoungandold.A.ThewalkB.WalkingC.TowalkD.Walk2.Ifind_____moretomatoesdoesgoodtopeople’shealth.A.toeatB.eatingC.eatD.eatenBB2).______madethestudent____interestinhisstudies.Beingpunished,toloseB.Published,loseC.Beingpunished,loseD.Havingbeenpunished,lost3.---Whatmadeyouupset?---______hernewbicycle.A.AsshelostB.LostC.LosingD.Becauseoflosing4._____tosunlightfortoomuchtimewilldoharmtoone’sskin.A.ExposedB.HavingexposedC.BeingexposedD.AfterbeingexposedCCC5._____themeetinghimselfgavethemagreatdealofencouragement.A.ThepresidentwillattendB.ThepresidenttoattendC.ThepresidentattendedD.Thepresident’sattending6.______thehomeworkmadehisfatherlosehistemper.temper.A.Theboy’snothavingdoneB.TheboynothavingdoneC.Theboy’shavingnotdoneD.TheboyhavingnotdoneDA2.-ing形式作主语时常后置,此时须用it作形式主语,用形容词或名词作表语。常见的名词或名词短语有:nouse,nogood,fun,ahard/difficultjob,awasteoftime等;形容词有:dangerous,worthwhile,useless等。如:为这件事找借口是没有用的。It’snousemakinganexcuseforthis.谈论这样无用的事情简直是浪费时间。It’sawasteoftimetalkingaboutsuchauselessthing.有风的天气在海里游泳是危险的。It’sdangerousswimmingintheseaonwindydays.这个问题值得讨论。Itisworthwhilediscussingthequestion.3.在therebe结构中作主语,构成“Thereis/wasnodoing---”这种结构的意思相当于“Itisimpossibletodo…”。如：Thereisnohidingofevilbutnottodoit．若要人不知,除非己莫为。Hereisnojokingaboutsuchmatter.这种事开不得玩笑。Therewasnoknowingwhenhewouldleave.无法知道他什么时候离开.注意：动名词与不定式做主语时的比较：动名词表示的动作通常是一个泛指的动作,不定式则通常表示具体的动作。如：集邮是一种乐趣。Collectingstampsisapleasure.我很荣幸被邀请参加这个晚会。It’sanhonorformetobeinvitedtotheparty．归纳:常用-ing形式作主语的句型有：It+be+awasteoftimedoing做……是浪费时间的Itis/wasnogood/usedoing做……是没用处的Itis/washardly/scarcelyworthdoing做……不值得Itis/wasworth/worthwhiledoing做……是值得的Thereisnodoing---无法……Thereisnosenseindoing做…没有道理Thereis/wasnousedoing干…无意义Thereis/wasnothingworsethandoing没有比…更糟的Thereis/wasnopointdoing干…无意义注意:Thereisnoneedtodosth干……没必要,在此句式中todo不可换为doing.没有必要告诉她。Thereisnoneedtotellher.提示:当动名词用作主语时,其逻辑主语由形容词性物主代词和名词所有格构成。我姐姐病了,使我很担心。Mysister’sbeingillmademeworried.你正确未必就意味着我错了。Yourbeingrightdoesn’tnecessarilymeanmybeingwrong.二、动名词用作宾语1.只能后接doing作宾语的动词:考虑建议盼原谅承认推迟没得想避免错过继续练否认完成就欣赏禁止想象才冒险不禁介意准逃亡consider,suggest/advise,lookforwardto,excuse/pardon,admit,delay/putoff,fancy,avoid,miss,keep/keepon,practice,deny,finish,enjoy/appreciate,forbid,imagine,risk,can’thelp,mind,allow/permit,escape.此外，beusedto,leadto,devoteto,gobackto,stickto,objectto,getdownto,payattentionto,can’tstand,giveup,feellike,insiston,thankyoufor,apologizefor,bebusy(in),顺便记一下：下列动词只接todo做宾语：决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装；主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮。decide/determine,learn,want,expect/hope/wish,refuse,manage,care,pretend,offer,promise,choose,plan,agree,beg,helphavesomedifficulty/trouble(in),haveagood/wonderful/hardtime(in),spend/wastetime(in),等动词词组也要用动名词做宾语。Wemusttrytoavoid________(repeat)thesamemistake．Haveyouconsidered________(look)foronespecialfriend?Doyoufeellike__(have)awalkwithmeaftersupper?Peoplecouldn’thelp________(laugh)funnyman．Thesquirrelwassoluckythatitjustmissed____________(catch).IcanhardlyimaginePeter________(sail)acrosstheAtlantic.Iwouldappreciateyour_______(call)tonight.Thediscoveryofthenewevidenceledtothethief____________(catch).repeatinglookinghavinglaughingbeingcaughtsailingcallingbeingcaught动名词可与介词一起构成介词短语。A.介词+动名词,如：我们得想些法子改变人们的习惯。We’vegottothinkofwaysofchangingpeople’shabits.我向你道歉,刚才对你那样生气。Iapologizeforbeingsoangrywithyou.离开几年之后再回到你的家乡,感觉有点怪。Afterbeingawayforseveralyears,itisastrangeexperiencetoreturntothehometown.B.动词+介词+动名词,如：我坚持为这次出行带足需要的食物。Iinsistontakingenoughfoodforthistrip．同学们脸上没有笑容,相反都做了怪脸。Insteadofsmiling,eachofthemmadeaface．她对为我们公司工作很感兴趣。Shewasveryinterestedinworkingforourcompany．我喜欢钓鱼和旅游。Iamfondoffishingaswellastraveling.下列短语中的to都是介词,所以后面跟名词或-ing形式:devoteto,objectto,payattentionto,getdownto,leadto,lookforwardto,stickto,beusedto等。但是，介词but,except,besides后要连用todosth.,而且这三个词前出现do的任何形式还要省略to.我没有选择只好放弃。Ihadnochoicebuttogiveup.Icoulddonothingbutgiveup.2.存在既可接动名词又可接不定式作宾语的动词,常见的有:begin,start,continue,intend,like,love,prefer,hate,mean,forget，remember,regret,goon,try等。1).在like,love,hate,prefer等动词之后，用-ing或不定式意义上没有什么不同,只是侧重点有些不同,动名词表示泛指的动作,不定式表示具体的一次性动作。我喜欢游泳，但我不喜欢今天去游泳，因为天气太凉。Ilikeswimming,butIdon’tliketoswimtoday,foritistoocool.2).在begin/start,continue,intend之后,用动名词和不定式,意义无甚区别,尤其是当主语是人的时候。3).在动词forget,remember,regret之后,用动名词与不定式意义不同。动名词表示动作先于谓语发生,不定式表示后于谓语动作,如：我记得我已把信寄了。Irememberpostingtheletter．