从物化来看《艰难时世》

CharlesDickens(1812–1870)Theory---MaterialismBriefIntroductionofHardTimesTextAnalysisCONCLUSIONMaterialismoftodaymostpopularEnglishnovelistoftheVictorianeraWork:Praisedforitsrealism,masteryofprose,comicgeniusanduniquepersonalities.Criticizedforitssentimentalityandimplausibility.floridpoeticstrongcomictouchamixtureoffantasyandrealismThePosthumousPapersofthePickwickClub(Monthlyserial,April1836toNovember1837)[88]TheAdventuresofOliverTwist(MonthlyserialinBentley'sMiscellany,February1837toApril1839)TheLifeandAdventuresofNicholasNickleby(Monthlyserial,April1838toOctober1839)TheOldCuriosityShop(WeeklyserialinMasterHumphrey'sClock,25April1840,to6February1841)BarnabyRudge:ATaleoftheRiotsof'Eighty(WeeklyserialinMasterHumphrey'sClock,13February1841,to27November1841)TheChristmasbooks:AChristmasCarol(1843)TheChimes(1844)TheCricketontheHearth(1845)TheBattleofLife(1846)TheHauntedManandtheGhost’sBargain(1848)TheLifeandAdventuresofMartinChuzzlewit(Monthlyserial,January1843toJuly1844)DombeyandSon(Monthlyserial,October1846toApril1848)DavidCopperfield(Monthlyserial,May1849toNovember1850)BleakHouse(Monthlyserial,March1852toSeptember1853)HardTimes:ForTheseTimes(WeeklyserialinHouseholdWords,1April1854,to12August1854)LittleDorrit(Monthlyserial,December1855toJune1857)ATaleofTwoCities(WeeklyserialinAlltheYearRound,30April1859,to26November1859)GreatExpectations(WeeklyserialinAlltheYearRound,1December1860to3August1861)OurMutualFriend(Monthlyserial,May1864toNovember1865)TheMysteryofEdwinDrood(Monthlyserial,April1870toSeptember1870.Onlysixoftwelveplannednumberscompleted)SketchesbyBoz(1836)TheMudfogPapers(1837)inBentley'sMiscellanymagazineReprintedPieces(1861)TheUncommercialTraveller(1860–1869)WhatChristmasIs,asWeGrowOlder(1851)ARoundofStoriesbytheChristmasFire(1852)AnotherRoundofStoriesbytheChristmasFire(1853)TheSevenPoorTravellers(1854)TheHolly-TreeInn(1855)TheWreckoftheGoldenMary(1856)ThePerilsofCertainEnglishPrisoners(1857)AHousetoLet(1858)China雷雨濛Westerncountry袁也Theory:Keywords:Materialization(byMarx)MaterializationofmanMaterialization:transformationofsomethingabstractintosomethingconcreteandtangible.Materializationofman：one‘sideas,throughtimeandlaboristurnedintomaterials刘虹延、许毅、乔路ThomasGradgrindLouisaTomJosiahBounderbyBitzer‘Coketown’ThelifeofthelocalpeoplethereiscrippledbythemanaclesofFACTS.Theso-callededucator,ThomasGradgrind,killsthenaturalinstinctsandhappinessofhisownsonanddaughterwiththesmotheringprincipleoffact.Bounderby,theMillionaireofCoketown,inordertomaintainhisimageofself-mademan,abandonshisownmother,finallyisopposedanddesertedbyhisfollowers.EducationMarriageUPPERCLASSLivingConditionsWorkCOMMONPEOPLE许毅•Mr.Gradgrind•Mrs.GradgrindFather’smarriage•Louisa•Mr.BounderbyDaughter’smarriageMrs.Gradgrind,alittle,thin,white,pink-eyebundleofshawls,ofsurpassingfeebleness,mentalandbodily;whowasalwaystakingphysicwithoutanyeffect,andwho,wheneversheshowedasymptomofcomingtolife,wasinvariablystunnedbysomeweightypieceoffacttumblingonher;(p22)Sheisnotpretty…TheimageofMrs.GradgrindFirstly,shewasmostsatisfactoryasaquestionoffigures;and,secondly,shehad‘nononsense’abouther.Bynonsensehemeantfancy;andtrulyitisprobableshewasasfreefromanyalloyofthatnature,asanyhumanbeingnotarrivedattheperfectionofanabsoluteidiot,everwas.(p26)Intruth,Mrs.GradgrindwasagoodwifeforMr.Gradgrind.Shedidnotknowmanyfacts,hutshehadnofancyeither,forshewasmuchtostupid.Herhusbandhadmarriedherbecause‘anemptyheadisbetterthanonefulloffancies.’AfterBounderbykissedLouisaonherface:Hewenthisway,butshestoodonthesamespot,rubbingthecheekhehadkissed,withherhandkerchief,untilitwasburningred.Shewasstilldoingthis,fivemimutesafterwards.‘whatareyouabout,Loo?’herbrothersulkilyremonstrated.‘You’llrubaholeinyourface.’‘Youmaycutthepieceoutwithyourpenknifeifyoulike,Tom.Iwouldn’tcry!’(p30)HerattitudetowardsBounderby:shehateshim,atleast,shedoesn’tlikehim.‘whatyousay,mydearLouisa,isperfectlyreasonable.Ihaveundertakenthentoletyouknowthat----inshort,thatMr.Bounderbyhasinformedmethathehaslongwatchedyourprogresswithparticularinterestandpleasure,andhaslonghopedthatthetimemightultimatelyarrivewhenheshouldofferyouhishandinmarriage…Silencebetweenthem.Thedeadlystatisticalclockveryhollow.Thedistantsmokeveryblackandheavy.(133)Bounderby’sproposalisnotmadebyhimself,butisinformedasafact.Itisnotaromanticatall,butlikeabargain.Theatmosphereisheavyandunhappy.‘Father,’saidLouisa,‘doyouthinkIloveMr.Bounderby?’Mr.Gradgrindwasextremelydiscomfitedbythisunexpectedquestion.‘Well,mychild,’hereturned,‘I---really---cannottakeuponmyselftosay.’‘Father,’pursuedLouisainexactlythesamevoiceasbefore,‘doyouaskmetoloveMr.Bounderby?’‘MydearLouisa,no.Iasknothing.’‘Father,’shestillpursued,‘doesMr.Bounderbyaskmetolovehim?’‘Really,mydear,’saidMr.Gradgrind,‘It’sdifficulttoansweryourquestion---‘‘Difficulttoanswerit,YesorNo,father?’‘Certainly,mydear…’(134)Threequestionsaboutlove,aboutthenormalemotionofahumanwhenhe/shedecidestogetmarried,getnocertainreply.Hethoughtitis‘diffic