3Africa非洲大陆

Africa非洲OUTLINEGeneralIntroductiontoAfricaHistoryofAfricaClimateofAfricaFaunainAfricaEcologyandbiodiversityinAfricaPoliticsinAfricaEconomyinAfricaDemographicsinAfricaLanguagesofAfricaCultureofAfricaReligionsinAfricaGeneralIntroductiontoAfrica•theworld'ssecondlargestandsecondmost-populouscontinent•about30.3millionkilometersincludingadjacentislands(continentalislands)•covering6%oftheEarth'stotalsurfaceareaand20%ofitstotallandarea•1.2billionpeoplein2016,accountingforabout16%oftheworld'shumanpopulationGeneralIntroductiontoAfrica•theMediterraneanSeatothenorth•boththeSuezCanalandtheRedSeaalongtheSinaiPeninsulatothenortheast•theIndianOceantothesoutheast•theAtlanticOceantothewest.GeneralIntroductiontoAfrica•ThecontinentincludesMadagascarandvariousarchi`pelagos(群岛).•Itcontains54fullyrecognizedsovereignstates(countries),nineterritoriesandtwodefactoindependentstateswithlimitedornorecognition.•ThemajorityofthecontinentanditscountriesareintheNorthernHemisphere,withasmallportionandnumberofcountriesintheSouthernHemisphere.GeneralIntroductiontoAfrica•Africa'saveragepopulationistheyoungestamongstallthecontinents;themedianagein2012was19.7,whentheworldwidemedianagewas30.4.•Algeria(阿尔及利亚)isAfrica‘slargestcountrybyarea,andNigeria(尼日利亚)isitslargestbypopulation.•Africa,particularlycentralEasternAfrica(e.g.Ethiopia埃塞俄比亚),iswidelyacceptedastheplaceoforiginofhumans(Homosapiens).Lucy,anAustralo`pithecus`afarensis(南方古猿阿法种)skeletondiscoveredon24thNovember1974intheAwashValleyofEthiopia’sAfarDepression(1974年考古学家在埃塞俄比亚阿法尔地区的阿瓦什河谷发现了露西。她生活的年代是320万年之前，因此被认为是第一个直立行走的人类，是目前所知人类的最早祖先。)GeneralIntroductiontoAfrica•Africahostsalargediversityofethnicities,culturesandlanguages.Inthelate19thcenturyEuropeancountriescolonizedalmostallofAfrica.MostpresentstatesinAfricaoriginatedfromaprocessofdecolonizationinthe20thcentury.AfricannationscooperatethroughtheestablishmentoftheAfricanUnion,whichisheadquarteredinAddisAbaba(亚的斯亚贝巴，埃塞俄比亚首都).HistoryofAfrica•Prehistory•Earlycivilizations•The9th-18thcenturies•Heightofslavetrade•Colonialismandthe“ScrambleforAfrica”(瓜分非洲)•BerlinConference•Independencestruggles•Post-colonialAfricaPrehistory•Africaisconsideredbymostpaleoanthropologists(古人类学家)tobetheoldestinhabitedterritoryonEarth,withthehumanspeciesoriginatingfromthecontinent.•approximately150,000to100,000years,thecontinentwasmainlypopulatedbygroupsofhunter-gatherers.ThesefirstmodernhumansleftAfricaandpopulatedtherestoftheglobeduringtheOutofAfricamigrationdatedtoapproximately50,000years•theOutofAfricatheory(OOA):therecentAfricanoriginofmodernhumansPrehistory•Saharawasagreenfertilevalleyaround10,500BC.However,thewarminganddryingclimatecausedtheSahararegiongetincreasinglydryandhostilearound5000BC.•Around3500BC,theSaharaexperiencedaperiodofrapiddesertification.ThepopulationtrekkedoutoftheSahararegiontowardstheNileValley.Prehistory•Domesticationofanimalssuchascattle,donkeys,andsmallscrew-hornedgoats.Prehistory•BythefirstmillenniumBC,ironworkinghadbeenintroducedinNorthernAfricaandquicklyspreadacrosstheSaharaintothenorthernpartsofsub-SaharanAfrica(撒哈拉沙漠以南的非洲),andby500BC,metalworkingbegantobecomecommonplaceinWestAfrica.•撒哈拉沙漠：位于非洲北部，北到地中海，南到苏丹草原，世界上除南极洲之外最大的荒漠Earlycivilizations•About3300BC,thehistoricalrecordopensinNorthernAfricawiththeriseofliteracyinthePharaoniccivilizationofAncientEgypt(古埃及法老文明的兴起).•AnindependentcentreofcivilizationwithtradinglinkstoPhoenicia(腓尼基)wasestablishedbyPhoeniciansfromTyre(提尔，今黎巴嫩境内)onthenorth-westAfricancoastatCarthage(迦太基).•EuropeanexplorationofAfricabeganwithAncientGreeksandRomans.Earlycivilizations•In332BC,AlexandertheGreatwaswelcomedasaliberatorinPersian-occupiedEgypt.•FollowingtheconquestofNorthAfrica'sMediterraneancoastlinebytheRomanEmpire,theareawasintegratedeconomicallyandculturallyintotheRomansystem.•Christianityspreadacrosstheseareasatanearlydate.Earlycivilizations•Intheearly7thcentury,thenewlyformedArabianIslamicCaliphate(阿拉伯伊斯兰哈里发王国)expandedintoEgypt,andthenintoNorthAfrica.Inashortwhile,thelocalBerberelite(柏柏尔人政权)hadbeenintegratedintoMuslimArabtribes.•Inthe8thcentury,theIslamiccentreoftheMediterraneanshiftedfromSyriatoTunisiainNorthAfrica.IslamicNorthAfricahadbecomediverse,andahubformystics,scholars,jurists,andphilosophers.The9th-18thcenturies•Pre-colonialAfricapossessedperhapsasmanyas10,000differentstatesandpolities(政治组织)characterizedbymanydifferentsortsofpoliticalorganizationandrule：(1)smallfamilygroupsofhunter-gathererssuchastheSanpeopleofsouthernAfrica(南部非洲的闪族)(2)larger,morestructuredgroupssuchasthefamilyclangroupingsoftheBantu-speakingpeoplesofcentral,southern,andeasternAfrica(在非洲中部、南部和东部说班图语的宗族族群)The9th-18thcenturies(3)heavilystructuredclangroupsintheHornofAfrica(非洲之角的宗族族群)非洲之角：又称东北非洲(4)thelargeSaheliankingdoms(萨赫勒王国，萨赫勒Sahel非洲撒哈拉沙漠南部和中部苏丹草原地区之间的一条长超过3,800千米的地带)(5)autonomouscity-statesandkingdomssuchasthoseoftheAkan,Edo,Yoruba,andIgbopeopleinWestAfrica(7)theSwahilicoastaltradingtownsofSoutheastAfricaThe9th-18thcenturies•BytheninthcenturyAD,astringofdynasticstates,includingtheearliestHausastates,stretchedacrossthesub