Cheese

Cheese芝士Contents目录•WhatisCheese?•HowtomakeCheese?•CheersCategories•HowtokeepCheese?•CheesewithWine•CheeseTasting•什么是Cheese？•如何制造Cheese？•Cheese的种类•如何保存Cheese？•Cheese和葡萄酒•Cheese的品尝Objective培训目标•经过本次培训您将能够：1.简单介绍芝士的制作方法和营养成分2.举出几种常用的芝士，包括它们的中英文名和食用方法3.解释芝士和葡萄酒的搭配WhatisCheese？什么是芝士？•Cheeseisnutritiousfoodmademostlyfromthemilkofcowsbutalsoothermammals,includingsheep,goats,buffalo,reindeer,camelsandyaks.•芝士是由牛奶等哺乳动物的奶液制成的营养食品，除牛奶外绵羊，山羊，水牛，驯鹿，骆驼和牦牛奶液做芝士。•Around4000yearsagopeoplehavestartedtobreedanimalsandprocesstheirmilk.That'swhenthecheesewasborn.•大约在4000年前，人们开始饲养动物并饮用牛奶。从这时候起芝士就诞生了。TOenzyme(酶)•Step1Coagulation凝固（将牛奶液体设成固定的温度（不同的芝士不同的温度）使其变酸。有些芝士由于乳酸的缘故而彻底凝固，这就是乳酪和酸酪。有些芝士在产生过程中需要酶(从幼羊的胃液里提取）在酸度和温度均适宜的时候，将酶加入，奶液继续反应，分离出奶酪和乳清。）•Step2DrainingandSalting排水和盐化（这一步是将分离出的乳清过滤出来，并排出所有水分，该步控制芝士中成分的比例）•Step3MouldingandShaping模制和修整（乳酪然后被放到模具中形成不同芝士特有的形状。然后切割，切割的尺寸、方法以及所用的时间将决定芝士的潮湿度和软硬度。）•Step4CuringorAgeing陈年和成熟（芝士成熟过程中温度和湿度都须小心的控制以促使达到适当的有机体从而有助于阻止干扰加工的有机体.）HowtomakeCheese?如何制造Cheese？Cheese的营养成分050100150200250300350热量Kcal重量100克芝士酸奶牛奶051015202530蛋白质克标准100克芝士酸奶牛奶Cheese的营养成分0510152025脂肪克标准100克芝士酸奶牛奶Cheese的营养成分0100200300400500600700800钙毫克标准100克芝士酸奶牛奶Cheese的营养成分CheersCategories芝士的种类•FreshYoungCheese软芝士•Thesecheesehavenorind.Mostareusedincookingratherthaneatenaspartofcheeseboard.这种芝士没有外皮，大多是用于烹调而不是直接食用。•Characteristics特性Soft,moistoftenmousse-likeintexture,eatenwhilebetween1and15daysoldbeforetheyhavedevelopedanyrind.Apleasantsour,fermentingfruitflavourcombineswithjustahintofgreenpastures.Theyareoftenrolledinashorcoveredinherbs,nutsorfruittoenhancetheirflavour.柔软，大部分质地象木斯，大约1至15天在形成外壳之前就食用。具有水果和青草的综合香味。他们通常同香草，果仁或水果搭配以增强他们的口味。•Examples举例CottageCheese，PhiladelphiaCreamCheese,CurdCheese,Ricotta(Italy),FromageFrais(France),Mozzarella(Italy),Feta(Greece),Paneer(India)MozzarellaCheeseRicottaFetaCheeseCheersCategories芝士的种类•NaturalRind自然外壳Cheesesinthiscategoryhaveawrinkledrindwithbluish-greymould.Theyareidealforcheeseboardsorgrilling.这一类型的芝士自然形成褶皱的外壳和蓝灰色的酶，他们是芝士盘的扒类的理想搭配。•Characteristics特性Freshcheesesthathavebeenkeptindryconditions.Thecheeseshrinksasitrapidlydriesout,becomingwrinkledanddevelopingadelicatebluish-greymouldthatslowlyspreadsovertherind.TheymajoritycomefromsmallfarmsinFrance.新鲜的芝士保存在干燥的状态中，芝士迅速的变干形成褶皱的外壳及蓝灰色的酶。大多数是产自法国的小农场。•Examples举例Sancerre，Crottin，Valencay（allFrance)•SoftWhiteRindedCheese带外皮软芝士Thesecheesesdevelopawhite,fuzzyrind.这类芝士成长为带白色和细绒毛的外皮•Characteristics特性Thecurdisonlylightlydrainedtoretainmuchofthewhey,sothatasthecheeseripensitchangesfromdryandchalkytothesoft,creamy,almostrunnytexture.当凝固的奶只是被轻轻的挤压而保留大部分的乳清，从而使得这种芝士成熟后柔软如奶油。•Examples举例Camembert(France),Brie(France),SomersetBrie(UK),Aorangi(NewZealand),KingIslandBrie(Australia)CheersCategories芝士的种类CamembertBrie•SemisoftCheese半软芝士Thesemisoftcheeses,whichhaverindsthatrangefromorangeandstickytobrownishorthickandgrey.这类芝士的外壳从橙色至褐色或者是厚的灰色。•Characteristics特性Thefirstarecheeses“washed”inbathsofsaltywater(brine),cider,wineetc.,andmaturedinhumidcavesthathelpretainthemoisture,creatingarich,creamytexture,strongpiquant,farmyardflavorandaroma,andencouragesthegrowthofanorangestickyrind.首先这种芝士是用盐水，苹果酒，葡萄酒等洗过的，并在一个潮湿的环境成熟。故创造出丰富，奶油质地，农场的芳香，并生长出橙色粘的外壳•Examples举例Epoisse(France),Munster(France),Milleens(ireland),Brick(NewZealand),CheersCategories芝士的种类•OtherSemisoftCheese半软芝士•Characteristics特性Cheesesinthisgrouparelightlypressedtoremovemoremoisture,thenwashed,creatingaslightlyorangey-pinkrind.Thesearesuppleorelasticintextureandhaveamellowtosweet-sour,morecomplexflavour.这类芝士被轻轻的挤压出多余的水分，然后清洗，创造出薄的橙色的外壳。这种柔软或弹性质地的芝士更加醇香，有多种中和的口味。•Examples举例Edam(Holland),Raclette(France),MontereyJack(UK)CheersCategories芝士的种类MontereyJackEdamRaclette•Firm-HardCheese硬芝士Thetypicalcharacteristichereisafirm-crustedtotoughandleatherytexture.•Characteristics特性Tocreatethehardtexturetheyoungcurdiscutfineandpressedforhoursorevendaystoremovetheexcesswhey.Maturationmaytakeafewdaysorafewyears.为制成坚硬的质地，凝固后被很好的切割和挤压几小时甚至几天以去除多余的水分。而成熟需要几天甚至几年以便增加他们的风味。•Examples举例Cheddar(UK,NewZealand,Canada,Australia),Parmesan(Italy),Emmental(Switzerland)CheersCategories芝士的种类EmmentalCheddarParmesan•BlueCheese蓝莓芝士Awhite,fuzzy,stickyorcrustyrind,andblueveiningcharacterizesthesebluecheeses.白色，带绒毛，粘的，带硬壳并内有蓝色脉纹的蓝色芝士。•Characteristics特性Thesecheeseswitharich,creamy,runnytextureandmildblue-cheeseflavourtofirmanddensewithanintense,herbaceous,piquant,spicytaste.蓝莓芝士具有丰富，奶油的质地，并且有剧烈的香草和辛辣的香料的口味。•Examples举例Roquefort(France),BlueStilton(UK),BresseBlue(France),Gorgonzola(Italy)CheersCategories芝士的种类RoquefortGorgonzola•SpecialityCheeses特别的芝士Thesearemadebyaddingvariousflavourstohardorsemisoftcheeses.Typicaladditivesincludefruits,nuts,herbs,spices,wines,fish,othercheesesandevenham.这是一些添加了特别的物质到硬芝士或半软芝士中制成的新的芝士。典型的添加物包括水果，果仁，香草，香料，葡萄酒，鱼，其他芝士甚至火腿。CheersCategories芝士的种类HowtokeepCheese?芝士的保存•Ideally,cheeseshouldbewrappedinwaxpaper(orgreaseproof,ifwaxisnotavailable),keptundernormalrefrigerationandstoredinaplasticboxtopreventitfromabsorbingtheodorsofotherproducts,aswellaspreventingtherefrigeratorfromdryingthemout.•总的来说应该用蜡纸或不透油的纸包住芝士，保存在冰箱中并用塑料箱密封以免冰箱中其他食品的味道，同时