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动物external/internal外部的/内部的extrinsic/intrinsic外部的/内部的physical/chemical物理的/化学的active/passive主动地/被动的defensen.防护defendv.防护mechanism机制adaptation适应predator捕食者prey被捕食的动物insect昆虫plant植物soil土壤hair毛发fur毛皮feather羽毛substance物质nectar花蜜camouflage伪装carnivorous肉食的herbivorous食草的vertebrate有脊椎的amphibian两栖动物mammal哺乳动物plain平原cliff悬崖hoof蹄子muscle肌肉claw爪子feet脚temperature温度speed速度length长度climate气候bend弯曲breath呼吸lip嘴唇skull头颅reptile爬行动物evolve进化hatch孵化larvae ['lɑrvi]幼虫invade入侵lifecycle生命周期mate交配species种类dig挖nest巢colony['kɑləni]群落extinct灭绝lay产下flock鸟群owl猫头鹰eagle ['igl]老鹰crow乌鸦spot斑点spiky尖刺的sticky黏的debris遗迹decompose降解fertilizer肥料coat覆盖material物质habitat栖息地ecological生态的tail尾巴toad蟾蜍butterfly蝴蝶expose暴露vibration震动pump泵lung肺skin皮肤squirrel松鼠hunt捕食perceive察觉nutrient营养trap捕捉organism生物plankton浮游生物skeleton骨骼porous多孔的scale鳞片rapid迅速的ancient古老的wing翅膀territory领地escape躲避challenge挑战antelope羚羊herd兽群victim牺牲者hawk鹰approach接近rare稀少的detect察觉nocturnal夜间的seed种子mud泥土offspring后代fertile成熟的hole洞ridge山脉glide滑行艺术audience观众spectator观众premise/context/background背景、前提painting/drawing绘画pigment颜色，颜料hue色彩work艺术作品antique古董handicraft手工艺品preservev保护remain遗迹relics遗产,遗物design设计decoration装修interiordesign室内设计pattern式样，图案layout布局image形象，图像model模型，样式form形式category种类portray描绘，画像depict描绘mood心情，情绪character角色scene场面，现场setting环境，背景stage舞台，阶段gloomy黑暗的，令人沮丧的darkcolor深色lightcolor浅色brightcolor明亮的颜色shade阴影chaotic混乱的brush刷子visual视觉的audial听力的physically物理地，物质的transparent透明的stroke一笔一划perspective视角emotion情绪translucent半透明的surface表面质地的texture手感，质感心理学psychology心理学mental心理的physical身体的personality性格characteristics特征introversion内向extroversion外向intelligence智力mood心境emotionalintelligence情商self-control自控consciousness潜意识perception知觉response反应empathy移情verbal语言的nonverbal非语言的coping应激motivation动机survey调查activeattention主动注意力passiveattention被动注意力context情境extrinsic外在的intrinsic内在的external外在的internal内在的positive积极地negative消极的