国际商法第六章

ChapterSixInternationalCargoTransportationandInsuranceI.IntroductionII.LawofInternationalCargoTransportationIII.BillsofLadingIV.LawofInternationalCargoInsuranceKeyTermsCharterparty:租船契约Voyagecharter:行次租船/定程租船Timecharter:定期租船Bareboatcharter:光船租船Billsoflading:提单Straightbillsoflading:记名提单Bearerbillsoflading:不记名提单Orderbillsoflading:指示提单Antedatedbillsoflading:倒签提单Advancedbillsoflading:预借提单Throughbillsoflading:联运提单I.IntroductionII.LawofInternationalCargoTransportation1.LawofInternationalCarriageofGoodsbySeaAdvantagesandDisadvantagesofCarriageofGoodsbySeaAdvantages:largefreightvolumeandlowercost.Disadvantages:influencedbythenaturalconditionsandhasgreatrisksintransportation;slowercomparingwiththeothertransportations.(1)TypesofContractofShipmentTherearetwotypesofcontractofshipment.Oneistheformofacharterparty,theotherisabilloflading.(2)CharterParty(3)ClassificationsofCharterParty1)Voyagecharter(定程租船/航次租船).Thechartererhiresthevesselforasinglevoyage.2)Timecharter(定期租船).Thevesselishiredforaspecificamountoftime.3)Demiseorbareboatcharter(光船租船).Thecharterertakesfullcontrolofthevesselalongwiththelegalandfinancialresponsibilityforit.(4)LawofInternationalCarriageofGoodsbySea1)Internationalconventions.TheHagueRulesTheHague-VisbyRulesTheHamburgRules2)NationalprovisionsintheU.K.andUSAIntheUK,In1924,theCarriageofGoodsbySeaAct.In1971,theCarriageofGoodsbySeaAct(COGSA),whichmadetheHague-VisbyRulesstatutory.In1992,theCarriageofGoodsbySeatoreplacetheBillofLadingAct1855.InUnitedStates,TheFederalBillofLadingAct,governsthetransferofallbillsofladingcoveringboththeinternationalandinterstateshipmentsandallshipments.In1893theUnitedStatesenactedtheHarterAct,In1936enactedtheCarriageofGoodsbySeaAct.In1999theUnitedStatesre-enactedtheCarriageofGoodsbySeaAct.2.LawofInternationalCarriageofGoodsbyRailroadandAir(1)LawofInternationalCarriageofGoodsbyRailroadTheimportantagreementaboutcarriageofgoodsbyrailroadistheAgreementConcerningInternationalCarriageofGoodsbyRail(国际货协).(2)LawofInternationalCarriageofGoodsbyAirTherearesixconventionsforthecarriageofgoodsbyair:theWarsawConvention(华沙公约)theHagueProtocol(海牙议定书)theGuadalajaraConvention(瓜达拉哈拉公约)theGuatemalaCityProtocol(危地马拉市公约）theMontrealProtocols(蒙特利尔议定书)theMontrealConvention(蒙特利尔公约)III.BillsofLading1.BillsofLading(1)DefinitionUndertheHamburgRules,abillofladingmeansadocumentwhichevidencesacontractofcarriagebyseaandthetakingoverorloadingofthegoodsbythecarrier,andbywhichthecarrierundertakestodeliverthegoodsagainstsurrenderofthedocument.ItemsshouldbewrittenintheB/LDescriptionofCommodityWeight/MeasurementNumberofPackagesMarks&NumbersPortofShipmentPortofDestinationNameoftheShip&NationalityNameoftheMasterofVesselNameoftheShipperNameoftheConsignee（收货人）FreightAmount（运费额）NumberofB/LIssuedPlace&DateofB/LIssued(2)Functions1)Asevidenceofthecontractofcarriage.2)Asareceiptofgoodsreceived.3)Asadocumentoftitletogoods.(3)Classifications1)“Bearer”,“ToOrder”and“Straight”billoflading.2)“CleanB/L”and“UncleanorFoulorDirtyB/L”3)“ShippedonboardB/L”（已装船提单）and“receivedforshipmentB/L”（备运提单/收货待运提单）.4)Otherbillsoflading.DeterminationofCleanBillofLading在Kandla装港作业途中，发生了火灾，这导致已装上船的一部分货物（食糖）受损并要卸回岸上处理掉。这样，在全部货物装毕，船长签发了两张提单。提单1针对的是火灾后装上船的货物，对此，船长在提单上批注：“weight,quantity,condition,contentsandvalueunknown”;提单2针对火灾前装的损坏的货物，船长加批注说：“cargocoveredbythisBillofLadinghasbeendischargedKandlaviewdamagedbyfireand/orwaterusedtoextinguishfireforwhichGeneralAveragedeclared.”在通过信用证付款(UCP600)的情况下，银行是否有权拒绝接受这两份提单？(4)ProblemsRelatingtotheBillofLading1)Problemsrelatingtothedate.InrespectofthedatepriortoorsubsequentwecanclassifyitintoadvancedB/LandantedatedB/L.2)Problemsofincorrectdescriptionofcargo.3)Problemsofmisdeliveryofgoods.2.TheCarrier’sObligations(1)TheSeaworthiness（适航性）oftheShipSeaworthinessmeanstheshipisfittoundertaketheparticularvoyageandtocarrytheparticularcargo.Ontheonehand,theshipisreasonablyfittoencounterthe“perilsofthesea”(海险).Ontheotherhand,thecarriershouldproperlyman,equipandsupplytheshipandmaketheholds(货仓)andallotherpartsoftheshipinwhichgoodsarecarried,fitandsafefortheirreception.关于船舶是否适航的典型案例1953年5月17日，“MuncasterCastle”号轮运载原告150箱牛舌罐头由澳大利亚前往英国。1953年7月16日，即在伦敦卸货后的第四天，原告发现其中113箱牛舌罐头被海水浸湿。双方约定采用《海牙规则》处理其争端。法庭查明，该轮在出航澳洲前，曾入坞进行特别检查，以及例行载重线年检。检验完毕后，由于该坞一名有经验的钳工未将第五舱防浪阀螺丝拧紧，所以在从澳洲到英国的航程中海水进入船舱，致使原告货物受损。法院认为，第五舱防浪阀螺丝松动的情况发生在开航前，使货舱、不适宜并安全地收受、运送和保管货物，属于典型的货舱不适航。113箱牛舌罐头被海水浸湿的原因是由于货舱不适航所引起，货舱的不适航与货物损坏之间存在因果关系，根据《海牙规则》第4.1条，承运人应赔偿因不适航所造成的损失。(2)TheManagementoftheGoodsThecarriershouldexerciseduediligencetoproperlyandcarefullyload,handle,stow,carry,keep,carefor,anddischargethegoodscarried.案例2000年2月20日，我国甲公司向日本乙公司发出要约:愿以每台400美元的价格按照CIF天津价格条件购买电冰箱3000台，总价值120万美元。2000年2月22日，日本乙公司接到我国甲公司发出的要约，2月23日，日本乙公司将3000台电冰箱交给日本环球货运公司装船运输，但日本环球货运公司发现其中有500台电冰箱包装破损，准备签发不清洁提单。但日本乙公司为从日本环球货运公司处拿到清洁提单，在其签发提单前，向日本环球货运公司出具了承担赔偿责任的保函，承运人日本环球货运公司遂给乙公司签发了清洁提单。乙公司持清洁提单按信用证结汇，中国甲公司于2001年3月1日收到货物，发现500台电冰箱有严重质量问题，于是向承运人日本环球货运公司索赔。问题：（1）承运人应否承担责任？（2）如果甲公司向乙公司索赔，你认为索赔能否成立？(3)CommencementofVoyage