英国文学史概述

HistoryandAnthologyofEnglishLiteratureWhatisLiterature?Literaturereferstothepracticeandprofessionofwriting.Itcomesfromhumaninterestintellingastory,inarrangingwordsinartisticforms,indescribinginwordssomeaspectsofhumanexperiences.Literatureshowsusnotonlywhatasocietyislikeinacertainage,butalsowhatindividualsfeelaboutit,whattheyhopefromit,andhowtheycanchangeitorescapefromit.•文学就是人学。——钱谷融•Literatureisthestudyof(social)humanbeings.•文学作品主要就是描写人在社会中的沧桑沉浮。•Aliteraryworkissomethingmainlytoportrayhowhumansstruggletosucceedandfailinthesociety.FourGenresofLiterature–FictionMyths,parables(allegory),romances,novels,shortstories–PoetryReliesonimagery,figurative(比喻的，修饰丰富的)language,sound–DramaMadeupofdialogueandsetdirectionDesignedtobeperformed–ProseNewsreports,featurearticles,essays,editorials,textbooks,historicalandbiographicalworksAnOutlineofEnglishLiteratureIAnglo-SaxonPeriod(499-1066)IIAnglo-NormanPeriod(1066-1350)IIIGeoffreyChaucer(1340-1400)ⅣTheRenaissancePeriod(1485-early17thcentury)ⅤThe17thCenturyⅥThe18thCentury.ⅦTheRomanticAge(1789-1837)ⅧEnglishLiteratureofVictorianAge(1837-1901)Ⅸ20thCenturyLiteratureI.Anglo-SaxonPeriod(449-1066)Thisperiodextendedfromabout449-1066,theyearoftheNorman-FrenchconquestofEngland.TheGermanictribesfromEuropewhooverrun（横行于）Englandinthe5thcentury,aftertheRomanwithdraw,broughtwiththeOldEnglish,orAnglo-Saxonlanguage,whichisthebasisofmodernEnglish.Theybroughtalsoaspecificpoetictradition,theformalcharacterofwhichremainedsurprisinglyconstantuntiltheterminationoftheirrulebytheNorman-Frenchinvaders6centurieslater.AchievementsPoetryMuchofoldEnglishpoetrywasprobablyintendedtobechanted,withharp(akindofinstrumentinChinesemeans竖琴)accompaniment,byAnglo-Saxonscop(poetinChinesemeans吟游诗人),oftenboldandstrong,butalsomournfulandelegiac(sad)inspirit.Majorachievement:BeowulfII.TheAnglo-NormanPeriod(1066-1350)Thisperiodbeganfrom1066,theyearoftheNorman-FrenchconquestofEngland.TheliteraturetheybroughttoEnglandisremarkableforitsbright,romantictalesofloveandadventure,incontrastwiththestrengthandsombernessofAnglo-Saxonpoetry.AchievementLegendArthurianLegendⅢGeoffreyChaucer(1340-1400)GeoffreyChaucer:the“fatherofEnglishpoetry”andoneofthegreatestnarrativepoetsofEnglandChaucer’screativeworkvividlyreflectedthechangeswhichhadtakenrootinEnglishcultureofthesecondhalfofthe14thcentury.HispoetrytracesoutapathtotheliteratureofEnglishRenaissance.MajorWork:TheCanterburyTalesⅣ.TheRenaissancePeriod(1485-early17thcentury)LiteraryTrends:RenaissanceandHumanismTheRenaissancemarksatransitionfromthemedievaltothemodernworld.Thisperiodischaracterizedbytheinfluenceoftheclassics(inliterature,language,andphilosophy),aswellasanoptimisticforward-thinkingapproachtothepotentialofhumans(knownasRenaissancehumanism).WritersandWorks:ThomasMore:Utopia《乌托邦》EdmundSpenser:FaerieQueene《仙后》FrancisBacon:Essays《论说文集》WilliamShakespeareWorks:154sonnets,37plays,2longpoemsComedy:AMidsummerNight’sDream,TwelfthNight,AsYouLikeIt,MerchantofVeniceTragedies:Hamlet,Othello,KingLear,Macbeth,RomeoandJulietHistoryPlays:HenryIVTheearlierseventeenthcentury,andespeciallytheperiodoftheEnglishRevolution(1640–60),wasatimeofintensefermentinallareasoflife—religion,science,politics,domesticrelations,culture.ⅤThe17thCenturyJohnMilton:ParadiseLost《失乐园》JohnBuyan:ThePilgrim’sProgress《天路历程》JohnDonne:SongsandSonnets《歌与十四行诗》Writersandworks:•LiteraryTraitsEnlightenmentandNeoclassism,theearlyageofRomanticism•TheEnlightenmentmovementwasaprogressiveintellectualmovementwhichflourishedinFranceandsweptthewholewesternEuropeatthetime.•Theenlightenmenterscelebratedreasonorrationality,equalityandscience.Theycalledforareferencetoorder,reasonandrule.ⅥThe18thCentury•Inthefieldofliterature,enlightenmentersbelievedthattheartisticshouldbeorder,logic,restrainedemotionandaccuracy.seekproportion,unity,harmonyandgraceinliteraryexpression,inanefforttodelight,instructandcorrecthumanbeings.•Neoclassicism.Arevivalinliteratureinthelate17thand18thcenturies,characterizedbyaregardfortheclassicalidealsofreason,form,andrestraint.•Poetry:•AlexanderPope:TheRapeoftheRock《劫发记》•Prose:•JonathanSwift:Guilliver’sTravels《格列佛游记》•TheRiseoftheRealisticNovel：•DanielDefoe:RobinsonCrusoe《鲁宾逊漂流记》ⅦTheRomanticAge(1789-1837)Theliteraryviews:Romanticismconstitutesachangeofdirectionfromattentiontotheouterworldofsocialcivilizationtotheinnerworldofthehumanspirit.Ittendstoseetheindividualastheverycenterofalllifeandallexperience.Italsoplacestheindividualatthecenterofart.A:Poetry:WilliamWordsworth&SamuelTaylorColeridge:LyricalBallads《抒情歌谣集》Byron:DanJuan《唐璜》Shelley:OdetotheWestWind《西风颂》JohnKeats:OdetoaNightingale《夜莺颂》B.Drama:Byron:Manfred《曼弗雷德》Shelley:PrometheusUnbound《解放了的普罗米修斯》C.Novel:JaneAusten:SenseandSensibilityPrideandPrejudiceEmmaWalterScott:IvanhoeFeaturesoftheVictorianLiterature:RealismVictorianliterature,asaproductofitsage,naturallytookonitsqualityofmagnitude&diversity.Itwasmany-sidedandcomplex,andreflectedbothromanticallyandrealisticallythegreatchangesthatweregoingoninpeople’slifeandthought.Greatwritersa