文学体裁:诗歌poem,小说novel,戏剧dramaOrigin起源:Christianity基督教→bible圣经Myth神话TheRomanceofkingArthurandhisknights亚瑟王和他的骑士(笔记)ITheMiddleAge中世纪一、TheAnglo-Saxonperiod安格鲁—撒克逊时期(449-1066)1、这个时期的文学作品分类:pagan(异教徒)Christian(基督徒)2、代表作:TheSongofBeowulf《贝奥武甫》unknownscribe无名氏著beginningofthe10thcentury写于世纪初Nationalheroes民族英雄nationalepic民族史诗采用了隐喻手法3、Alliteration押头韵(写作手法)例子:ofmanwasthemildestandmostbeloved,Tohiskinthekindest,keenestforpraise.二、TheAnglo-Normanperiod(1066-1350)Canto诗章1.Geoffrey’sTheHistoryoftheKingsofBritain杰弗里的英国王的历史Arthur亚瑟王ThenativeCelticlegends本土凯尔特传说2、romance传奇文学3、代表作:SirGawainandtheGreenKnight(高文爵士和绿衣骑士)是一首押头韵(Alliteration)的长诗(poetry)三、GeoffreyChaucer(Ca1343-1400)杰弗里.乔叟时期1、thefatherofEnglishpoetry英国诗歌之父2、heroiccouplet英雄双韵体:averseunitconsistingoftworhymed(押韵)linesiniambicpentameter(五步抑扬格)3、代表作:theCanterburyTales坎特伯雷的故事ThebeginningoftheEnglishliteraturehistory4、大致内容:thepilgrimsarepeoplefromvariouspartsofEngland,representativesofvariouswalksoflifeandsocialgroups.eachofthenarratorstellshistaleinapeculiarmanner,thusrevealinghisownviewsandcharacter.朝圣者都是来自英国的各地的人,代表着社会的各个不同阶层和社会团体。这些叙述者以自己特色的方式讲述自己的故事,无形中表明了各自的观点,展示了各自的性格。小说观点:hebelievesintherightofmantoearthlyhappiness.Heisanxioustoseemanfreedfromsuperstitions(迷信)andablindbeliefinfate(盲目地相信命运).他希望人们能从迷信和对命运的盲从中解脱出来。四、PopularBallads大众民谣:1、定义:Alsonamedfolkballad:atypeofpoetrythatmakesthemostdirectappealtoallclassesofreadersandlisteners;essentiallyanarrativepoemwhichtellsastory.也被称为民谣:一种最能直接吸引所有读者和听众的诗歌类型,本质上是讲述故事的叙事诗。Balladsareanonymousnarrativesongsthathavebeenpreservedbyoraltransmission(书上).歌谣是匿名叙事歌曲,一直保存着口头传播的方式2、代表人物:(1)BishopThomasPercy(1729~1811)托马斯.帕希主教(2)SirWalterScott(1771-1832)沃尔特·司各特爵士wenttoplaceswhereballadswerestillbeensingingandwritethemdownatthedictationoftheborderpeople.(numerousballadswereabouttheage-longstrugglebetweentheScotsandtheEnglishandtherearedifferentversions.)去那些民谣仍在吟唱的地方,并在边境人民的口述下写下来。(许多民谣是关于苏格兰人和英国人之间长期的斗争,有不同的版本。)(3)WilliamLangland威廉·兰格伦(ca1330-1400)TheVisionofPiers,Plowman农夫皮尔斯RobinHood(罗宾汉):theherothatappearedfirstlyinliteratureinthisbook.Strong,brave,oppressorsandloveforthepooranddowntrodden.clever,tender-hearted,affectionate;hatredforthecruel在这本书中首次出现在文学中的主人公。坚强,勇敢,压迫者、穷人和被压迫者的爱。聪明的,温柔的,多情的;嫉恶如仇(4)RobinHoodandAllin-a-Dale罗宾汉和阿林戴尔的绿林好汉们II、TheRenaissance(16世纪)文艺复兴时期(GreekandRoman)戏剧drama诗章cantoThetermRenaissanceoriginallyindicatedarevivalofclassical(GreekandRoman)artsandscienc文艺复兴最初是指经典艺术和科学在英国的复兴。TheepochofRenaissancewitnessedaparticulardevelopmentofEnglishdrama文艺复兴时期的英国戏剧也得到了迅速的发展。1、keywork:humanism人文主义:admirehumanbeautyandhumanachievement五、WilliamShakespeare(1564~1616)威廉姆.莎士比亚戏剧(1)drama四大悲剧:Hamlet(哈姆雷特),Othello(奥赛罗),KingLear(李尔王),TheTragedyofMacbeth(麦克白)(2)四大喜剧:《威尼斯商人》《TheMerchantofVenice》《第十二夜》《TwelfthNight》《皆大欢喜》《AsYouLikeIt》《无事生非》《MuchAdoAboutNothing》(3)Sonnet十四行诗重点第十八首十四行诗明喻(simile)暗喻(metaphor)对比(comparison)六、FrancisBacon弗兰西斯培根(1561~1626)OfTruth论真理OfStudies论学习重点III、theperiodofRevolutionandRestoration(17世纪)资产阶级革命与王权复辟prose散文1、文学特点:thePuritans(清教徒)believedinsimplicityoflife、disapprovedofthesonnetsandthelovepoetry、breakingupofoldideals.清教徒崇尚俭朴的生活、拒绝十四行诗和爱情诗、与旧思想脱离。七、JohnDonne(1572~1631)约翰.多恩“metaphysical”poets(玄学派诗人)的代表人物sonnet十四行诗《AValediction:ForbiddingMourning》离别辞“莫伤悲”(重点)、“Song”“TheCanonization”“DeathBeNotProud”作品特点:①strikethereaderinDonne’sextraordinaryfranknessandpenetratingrealism.(坦诚的态度和现实描绘)②noveltyofsubjectmatterandpoint(新颖的题材和视角)③noveltyofitsform.(新颖的形式)八、JohnMilton约翰.弥尔顿(1608~1674)thePuritans(清教徒)agreatpoet诗人(poem诗歌blankverse)《DefensefortheEnglishPeople》为英国人辩护、《ParadiseLost》失乐园“Satanisnotavillain”撒旦不是坏人、《ParadiseRegained》复乐园、OnHisBlindness、OnHisDeceasedWife九、JohnBunyan(1628~1688)约翰.拜扬agreatprosewriter“giveustheonlygreatallegory(寓言)”《ThePilgrim’sProgress》天路历程prose散文该书采用的写作手法“writtenintheold-fashioned(旧体形式),medievalformofallegory(比喻)anddream”VanityFair浮华集市Ⅳ、TheAgeofEnlightenment(18世纪)启蒙运动prose散文2、18thcentury文学的三个方面:Classicism(古典主义)、revivalofromanticpoetry(新兴的浪漫主义诗歌)、beginningsofthemodernnovel(刚启萌的现代派小说)十、DanielDefoe(1660~1731)丹尼尔.笛福realisticnovel现实主义小说Novel:《RobinsonCrusoe》鲁宾逊漂流记《JonathanWild》十一、JonathanSwift(1667~1745)乔纳森.斯威夫特书籍之战、浴缸的故事(1704)、适度的建议(1729)、格列佛游记(1726)novel反讽作品特点:novisiblesignofanger,norraisingthevoice;thetoneiscold,restrained,ironic,variedonlybysomeflashesoffoolingwhenSwift’ssenseoftheridiculourgetsthebetterofhim.努不动颜,骂不扬声,语调冷酷,锋芒暗藏,讽刺辛辣,仅在讽喻之情难以抑制时才偶露揶揄之态。十二、JosephAddison(1672~1719)约瑟夫爱迪生、理查德·斯蒂尔(RichardSteele)《闲谈者》(Tatler)与《旁观者》(spectator)SirRogeratChurch罗杰乡绅在教堂重点SirRogerattheAssizes罗杰乡绅在法庭十三、HenryFielding(1707~1754)亨利·菲尔丁TheChristianHero基督教的英雄、TheTatler闲谈者、TheSpectator旁观者Sentimentalism感伤主义nobelief没有信仰Therepresentativesofsentimentalismcontinuedtostruggleagainstfeudalismbuttheyvaguelysensedatthesametimethecontradictionsofbourgeoisprogressthatbroughtwithitenslavementandruintothepeople.感伤主义的代表人物在继续反对封建主义的同时又模糊的感觉到资本主义进程中出现的种种矛盾,感觉到资本主义制度对人性的奴役和破坏。十四、ThomasGray(1716~1711)托马斯.格雷《Elegy,WritteninaCountryChurchyard》墓园挽歌十五、OliverGoldsmith(1730-1774)奥利弗史密斯TheVicarofWakefield威克菲尔德牧师传Itisasentimentalworkbasedonthemoral