NREL Report Lithium-Ion Battery Safety Study Using

NRELisanationallaboratoryoftheU.S.DepartmentofEnergy,OfficeofEnergyEfficiencyandRenewableEnergy,operatedbytheAllianceforSustainableEnergy,LLC.Lithium-IonBatterySafetyStudyUsingMulti-PhysicsInternalShort-CircuitModelThe5thIntl.SymposiumonLargeLithium-IonBatteryTechnologyandApplicationinConjunctionwithAABC09June9-10,2009,LongBeach,CAGi-HeonKim,KandlerSmith,AhmadPesaranNationalRenewableEnergyLaboratoryGolden,ColoradoThisresearchactivityisfundedbyUSDOE’sABRTprogram(DaveHowell)NREL/[e-mail]2NationalRenewableEnergyLaboratoryInnovationforOurEnergyFutureBackground2040sec828TotalVolumetricHeatReleasefromComponentReactions42416361232•NREL’sLi-ionthermalabusemodelingstudywasstartedundertheAdvancedTechnologyDevelopment(ATD)program;itiscurrentlyfundedbyAdvancedBatteryResearchforTransportation(ABRT)program.•NREL’spreviousmodelstudyfocusedonunderstandingtheinteractionbetweenheattransferandexothermicabusereactionpropagationforaparticularcell/moduledesign,andprovidedinsightonhowthermalcharacteristicsandconditionscanimpactsafetyeventsoflithium-ionbatteries.3FocusHere:InternalShort-CircuitNationalRenewableEnergyLaboratoryInnovationforOurEnergyFuture•Li-Ionthermalrunawayduetointernalshort-circuitisamajorsafetyconcern.•Othersafetyconcernsmaybecontrolledbyelectricalandmechanicalmethods.•Initiallatentdefectsleadingtolaterinternalshortsmaynotbeeasilycontrolled,andevolveintoahardshortthroughvariousmechanisms:separatorwear-out,metaldissolutionanddepositiononelectrodesurface,orextraneousmetaldebrispenetration,etc.•Thermalbehaviorofalithium-ionbatterysystemforaninternalshort-circuitdependsonvariousfactorssuchasnatureoftheshort,cellcapacity,electrochemicalcharacteristicsofacell,electricalandthermaldesigns,systemload,etc.•Internalshort-circuitisamulti-physics,3-dimentionalproblemrelatedtotheelectrochemical,electro-thermal,andthermalabusereactionkineticsresponseofacell.4NationalRenewableEnergyLaboratoryInnovationforOurEnergyFutureApproach:•Perform3Dmulti-physicsinternalshortsimulationstudytocharacterizeaninternalshortanditsevolutionovertime•ExpandunderstandingofinternalshortsbylinkingandintegratingNREL’selectrochemicalcell,electro-thermal,andabusereactionkineticsmodelsCurrentDensityTemperatureElectro-ThermalModelAbuseKineticsModelElectrochemicalModel05010015020005010015059.56060.56161.562X(mm)soc[%]Y(mm)InternalShortModelStudysocTUnderstandingofInternalShortCircuitThroughModeling5NationalRenewableEnergyLaboratoryInnovationforOurEnergyFutureResearchFocusIson…•Understandingelectrochemicalresponseforshort•Understandingheatreleaseforshortevent•Understandingexothermicreactionpropagations•Understandingfunctionandresponseofmitigationtechnologydesignsandstrategies6NationalRenewableEnergyLaboratoryInnovationforOurEnergyFutureHeatingPatternChange•Amulti-physicsmodelsimulationdemonstratesthatheatingpatternsatshorteventsdependonthenatureoftheshort,cellcharacteristicssuchascapacityandratecapability.30mΩShort4s8s12s7ΩShort3min6min9minHeatingPatternatDifferentResistance-ShortsAffectedbyexternalthermalconditionsUndetectablefromexternalprobesCanslowdowntheevolution?Cansuppress?7UnderstandingHeatingResponseDifferencesNationalRenewableEnergyLaboratoryInnovationforOurEnergyFutureHeatingfromShortCircuit=HeatfromCellDischarge+JouleHeatatShortShortHeating=+VocvRoRsRo=100mΩ(0.4Ah)Ro=1mΩ(40Ah)10-410-2100102051015ShortResistance[Ω]HeatforCellDischarge[oC/sec]()MRRRVMQsooocvd22+=cellsizeincreaseGlobalLocalSmallcellLargecellHeatfromCellDischargeJouleHeatatShort8UnderstandingHeatingResponseDifferencesNationalRenewableEnergyLaboratoryInnovationforOurEnergyFutureHeatingfromShortCircuit=HeatfromCellDischarge+JouleHeatatShort10mΩShort10ΩShortShortHeating=+QualitativeRepresentationforHeatingPatternVocvRoRs10-410-210010210-2100102104ShortResistance[Ω]HeatatShort[W]Ro=100mΩ(0.4Ah)Ro=1mΩ(40Ah)()22sosocvsRRRVQ+=10-410-2100102051015ShortResistance[Ω]HeatforCellDischarge[oC/sec]()MRRRVMQsooocvd22+=cellsizeincreaseGlobalLocalSmallcellLargecellHeatfromCellDischargeJouleHeatatShort9UnderstandingHeatingResponseDifferencesNationalRenewableEnergyLaboratoryInnovationforOurEnergyFutureHeatingfromShortCircuit=HeatfromCellDischarge+JouleHeatatShort10mΩShort10ΩShortShortHeating=+QualitativeRepresentationforHeatingPatternVocvRoRs10-410-210010210-2100102104ShortResistance[Ω]HeatatShort[W]Ro=100mΩ(0.4Ah)Ro=1mΩ(40Ah)()22sosocvsRRRVQ+=10-410-2100102051015ShortResistance[Ω]HeatforCellDischarge[oC/sec]()MRRRVMQsooocvd22+=cellsizeincreaseLargecell:localizedheatingSmallcell:globalheatingGlobalLocalSmallcellLargecellHeatfromCellDischargeJouleHeatatShort10UnderstandingHeatingResponseDifferencesNationalRenewableEnergyLaboratoryInnovationforOurEnergyFutureHeatingfromShortCircuit=HeatfromCellDischarge+JouleHeatatShort10mΩShort10ΩShortShortHeating=+QualitativeRepresentationforHeatingPatternVocvRoRs10-410-210010210-2100102104ShortResistance[Ω]HeatatShort[W]Ro=100mΩ(0.4Ah)Ro=1mΩ(40Ah)()22sosocvsRRRVQ+=10-410-2100102051015ShortResistance[Ω]HeatforCellDischarge[oC/sec]()MRRRVMQsoo