新编英法百年战争

TheHundredYears’WarByGroup3Outline•Definition•Time•Causesa.Majorcausesb.Directcause•Course•Influence•Twoworksaboutthewar•JoanofArkDefinition•AseriesofwarsfoughtbetweenEnglandandFrancefrom1337to1453thatresultedinthefinalexpulsionoftheEnglishfromallFrenchterritoriesexceptCalais.Itisthelongestwarintheworld.Duringthisperiod,manynewtacticsandweaponshavedevelopedquickly.TheHundredYears’War•Places:FranceandEngland•Time:1337-1453•Result:ItendedinvictoryfortheFrench,andtheFrenchrecapturedtheterritorieswhichhadbeencontrolledbyEngland.•Themaincommanders:JoanofArc,HenryVTime•From1337to1453.Causes•Majorcauses:(conflicts)a:WiththedevelopmentofParliament,theEnglisheconomydevelopedremarkablyintheearlyfourteenthcenturyandtheEnglishbourgeoisiegrewrapidly.b:Sincetradewasstillthemainsourceofwealthforthebourgeoisie,thenewclassdesiredtoexpandforeignmarkets.Francealsowantedtoenlargeitsspheresofinfluence.c:TheEnglishkingsuspectedthatFrancehadbeengivingaidtotheScotsintheiroppositiontoEngland.Cause•Directcause:thedisputeoversuccessiontotheFrenchthrone.Thecourseofthewar•In1337,thewarbrokeout•Initialstage:theEnglishwereontheoffensiveandwongreatvictories(anavalvictory,somelandbattles)•In1356,theFrenchkingwastakenprisonerandheldtoransom.•In1377,Edwarddied,Englishhadlosttheterritoryagain.Twosideswereexhaustedandthewarstopped.Thecourseofthewar•In1415,HenryⅤ(1413-1422）renewedthewarandwasrecognizedtotheFrenchthronein1420.•AfterHenryⅤdiedin1422,gunsandgunpowderfirstusedinthewarandundertheleadershipofJoanofArc,andmanyFrenchpeasantsjoinedinthewar,theEnglishtroopsbegantolosegroundstepbystepuntiltheyweredrivenoutofFrance.arTheHundredYears’WarHenryⅤThefourfamousbattles:MainEventsEdwardIIIBlackDeath(1348-49)RichardIIThePeasantUprisingHenryVRecognizedtotheFrenchthroneintheHundredYears’WarwithFrance(1337-1453)WhatistheBlackDeathabout?TheBlackDeathwasduringEdwardIIIperiod.Itwasoneoftheworstnaturaldisastersinhistory.In1347A.D.,agreatplagueswept(鼠疫)overEurope.OnethirdoftheEuropeandied.OutlineInfluenceonFranceandBritainonthewhole.Thewar’seffecttoFranceanditspeople.Thewar’seffecttoBritainanditspeople.Thewar’sinfluenceontheweapons,warsystem.Influenceonnationalemotion.Influenceonthelanguage.Itwasadisasterforthepeople.Bothoftheireconomywasdeeplydamaged,sothepeopleinthetwocountrieslivedindirepoverty.Thewarinonehundred,cryinginonehundred.Thewarhadanenormousimpactonthelaterdevelopmentofthetwocountries.ItcanbesaidbothofthetwocountriesbecamethecentralizedcountriesbecauseoftheneedoftheHundredYears’War,whichwasbeneficialfortheirfuturedevelopment.From1380to1415,Francewasinprolongedinstabilityanditsindustryandcommercedeclinedseriously.Thewarstimulatednationalisticsentiment.ItdevastatedFranceasaland,butitawakenedFrenchnationalism.TheHundredYears'WaracceleratedtheprocessoftransformingFrancefromafeudalmonarchytoacentralizedstate.ItspedupthedeclineoffeudalismandestablishedanabsolutemonarchyinEngland.IthadahugeinfluenceonthegrowthofsproutofthecapitalistproductiverelationshipofBritain.ItadvancedthedevelopmentofBritain’seconomy.IthelpedEnglishlanguagetobereestablishedastheofficiallanguage.ItpromotedtheformationofBritishnation-state.TherulingNormansbegantoregardEnglandastheirhome.Hauberk(锁子甲）inEuropehadmorethanonethousandyearshistory.Earlyinthewar,itwasstillthebestprotectiveequipment.Butlater，platearmor（板甲）greatlyenhanceprotection.Thenewequipment,infact,themostsignificantvaluethatwasmainlyforshooting.SoevenalargescaleapplicationofBritishlongbow,itdoesn'twork.Gunpowder(火药）andcannon（炮）playedsignificantrolesasearlyas1375.Thelastbattleofthewar,wasthefirstbattleinEuropeanhistoryinwhichartillery(大炮)wasthedecidingfactor.InfluenceonnationalemotionThewarwakeupthepeople'snationalconsciousness,raisedthenationalspirit.InfluenceonthelanguageOverthehundredyears'war,EnglishiswidelyusedinFrance.SoEnglishandFrenchwerewellmixed.Today,morethan30%ofEnglishwordscomefromFrench.TwoworksaboutthewarShakespeare’shistoricalplaysofHenryⅣandHenryⅤMarkTwain’snovelPersonalRecollectionsofJoanofArc(praisedpatriotismandherdistainforvainglory.)圣女贞德圣女贞德（法语：Jeanned'Arc或JeannelaPucelle，1412年1月6日－1431年5月30日）是法国的军事家，天主教圣人，被法国人视为民族英雄。在英法百年战争（1337年－1453年）中她带领法国军队对抗英军的入侵，最后被捕并被处决。圣女贞德贞德原本是一位法国农村少女，她声称在十六岁时的一日，在村后的大树下遇见天使圣弥额尔、圣玛加利大和圣加大肋纳，从而得到“上帝的启示”，要求她带兵收复当时由英格兰人占领的法国失地。后来她几番转折，得到兵权，于1429年解奥尔良之围，成为了闻名法国的女英雄，后带兵多次打败英格兰的侵略者，更促使拥有王位承继权的查理七世于同年7月16日得以加冕。然而圣女贞德于1430年在贡比涅一次小冲突中为勃艮第公国所俘，不久为英格兰人以重金购去，由英格兰当局控制下的宗教裁判所以异端和女巫罪判处她火刑，于1431年5月30日在法国鲁昂当众处死。20年后英格兰军队被彻底逐出法国时，贞德年老的母亲说服教宗卡利克斯特三世重新审判贞德的案子，最终于1456年为她平反。500年后被梵蒂冈封圣。Theend.