搜索
WelcometoTheCourseArtificialIntelligence&NeuralNetworksY.X.ZHONG(钟义信)CenterofIntelligenceResearchDepartmentofInformationEngineering蔡自兴等,人工智能及其应用,清华大学出版社19873.J.M.Zurada,IntroductiontoArtificialNeuralSystems,WestPublishingCompany,19924.钟义信等,智能理论与技术:人工智能与神经网络,邮电出版社,1992.MuchmorefromLibrary...Chapter1IntroductiontoIntelligenceTheorySection1.1FoundamentalConcepts1.WhatIsIntelligence?A)DictionaryDefinitionsWEBST:Capacityforunderstandingandforotherformsofadaptivebehavior.Oxford:Powerofseeing,learning,understanding,andknowing.Ours:Forgivenproblem-environment-goal,theabilitytoacquire,process,andutilizetherelatedinformationtosolvetheproblemandachievethegoalundertheenvironment.ExamplesMouseandMazeCrypt-arithmeticProblemSENDMOREMONEY+9567+108510652B)IntelligenceLevelsandIntelligenceSpaceHumansAnimalsPlantsRocks2.WhatIsAI(MI)?Definition:Machine’sability,endowedbyhumans,to….3.WhyMachinesNeedIntelligence?CombinatorialExplosionExample1:GrainNumber2+2+…+2=2-1~1001636419Highspeedcomputer:3x10grains/second910193x109~3x109Seconds(1Century)Example2:ChessAveragenumberofmovesforeachplayer:40Averagebranchingfactorforeachmove:35Thecombination:35~10possiblemovesItwilltake10Centuriestotryallthepossibilities801231044.HowtoMakeMachineIntelligent?A)HardwareApproach(StructuralSimulation)NeuralNetworksApproach22111N1N2YX1FoodX2BellB)SoftwareApproach(FunctionalSimulation)ExpertSystemsApproachRevisionCopyingAnalyzingDiagnosingPerformingProgramBaseSuccess?NYStartEnd5.HowtoTestMachine’sIntelligence?A.M.Turing(1950):Double-BlindTestManMachineTesterMYCIN:9DoctorsfromStanfordMedicalSchoola)EffectivenessofPrescriptionMYCINand3DoctorsareOKforallcasesb)AdaptivenessofPrescriptionOnlyMYCINisOKfor9casesMarks:MYCIN65Doctors42.5--62.5Home-works1.Discussthedefinitionsofintelligence.Trytogiveyourowndefinitionproperly.2.Whyisitpossibletomakemachinesintelligent?Giveyourownexplanations.3.What,doyouthink,istherelationshipbetweentheintelligentmachineandhumanbeingsinaccordancewiththeargumentofthesoftwareapproachinAI?Canmachinesgovernhumanseventually?Whyyesandwhynot?