Islam 阿拉伯

TheArabworld阿拉伯世界INSTRUCTIONALGOALS指导目标1.掌握对伊斯兰教的基本理解Uponcompletionofthisblockofinstruction,studentswillpossessabasicunderstandingoftheIslamicfaith2.了解伊斯兰教如何影响伊拉克生活的各个方面StudentswillunderstandhowthedynamicsofIslameffectallaspectsoflifeinIraq3.获得避免文化冲突的基本工具StudentswillhavebasictoolstoavoidculturalconflictsPurposeofPresentation目的熟悉阿拉伯文化Tofamiliarizethestudent/interviewerwiththeArabicculture.在处理文化事宜时的沟通方式与有效的询问策略Tosuggestcommunicationtechniquesandeffectiveinterrogationstrategiesindealingwithasubjectfromthisculture.UnderstandingACulture了解一种文化•想要了解一种文化，我们就必须理解人们的信仰与价值观Tounderstandaculture,wemustfirstunderstandthebeliefsandvaluesofthepeople.•记得——全球每五个人当中有一个就是穆斯林Remember-OneofeveryfivepeopleonthisplanetisaMuslim!MuslimsintheWorld世界上的穆斯林12亿，穆斯林代表全球人口的20%=世界上每五个人当中就有一个是穆斯林1.2billion,Muslimsrepresentjustover20%oftheworld‘spopulation=1of5humansintheworldisaMuslim世界上第二大宗教Secondlargestreligionintheworld（信徒数量）增长最快，包括欧美FastestgrowingincludingEuropeandAmericaMonotheisticTradition一神论传统“伊斯兰教”含义：是指通过归顺真主实现自己及周围环境的和平“Islam”means:achievingpeacewithoneselfandone’senvironmentthroughsubmissiontoGod它是过去一神论教义的延续，特别是犹太教与基督教acontinuationofthepreviousmonotheisticteachings,particularlyJudaismandChristianity《古兰经》将《托拉》《诗篇》《福音书》视作是它出现之前的传达神旨的经文TheQur’anconfirmstheTorah,thePsalmsandtheGospelasdivinelyrevealedscripturesbeforetheQur’anMessengers–Muhammad使者——穆罕默德以实玛利的后人，而以实玛利是亚伯拉罕的大儿子DescendantofIshmael,thefirstsonofAbraham.570年出生于阿拉伯的麦加BorninMecca,Arabia,intheyear570在40岁时，通过天使加比利，他第一次得到了神旨Receivedfirstrevelationattheage40throughangelGabriel.为伊斯兰教布道23年后，他卒于632年Diedintheyear632C.E,afterpreachingIslamfor23years.他是最后一位先知，以后再没有先知了。Sealofthechainofprophets;nomoreprophetstofollow.FalloftheCaliphate哈里发帝国的降临在先知死后，伊斯兰教也经历了无数的政治变动、统治，比如说逊尼派与什叶派的分裂AfterthedeathoftheMohamed,however,Islamalsosawnumerouspoliticalupheavals,leading,forexampletothesplitbetweenSunniandShi’atraditions.尽管伊斯兰教疆土内发生很多权力之争，但是多数情况，还是有一个政治统一体的。InspiteofpowerstruggleswithintheIslamicterritory,formostofthetimetherewassomekindofpoliticalunity.一战结束，哈里发帝国土崩瓦解，结果导致了全球穆斯林的殖民主义，伴随一种新的现象——分裂、不统一，甚至直到今天穆斯林仍然无法从中恢复统一。ThedissolutionoftheCaliphateattheendofWWIandtheresultingageofcolonialismpresentedMuslimsacrosstheworldwithanewphenomenonoffragmentationanddisunityfromwhichtheyhavestillnotrecoveredtodate.TheFivePillarsofIslam伊斯兰教五大支柱Shahada–Testimony宣誓Salat–Prayer祈祷Zakat–Almsgiving天课Sawm–Fasting斋戒Hajj–Pilgrimage朝觐Prayer(Salah)祈祷一日祈祷五次FiveDailyPrayers祈祷者要按照个人祈祷方式，行净手（身）礼，端立，鞠躬，跪姿，坐姿Prayersinvolveablution,standing,bowing,prostrating,sittingpostures,followedbypersonalinvocations穆斯林面对礼拜朝向，即面朝麦加的卡巴Muslimfaceacommonprayerdirection(Qiblah)towardstheKaabahinMakkah祈祷可以独自进行，或者是聚众一起祈祷Prayerscanbesaidaloneorincongregation周五（聚礼日）集会祈祷前，进行一个布道是伊斯兰教徒的责任与义务OnFridayscongregationalprayersprecededbyasermonaremandatoryPrayer(Salah)祈祷一日五次的祈祷是Thefivedailyprayersare:晨礼（从黎明到日出前）Fajr(fromearlytwilighttilljustbeforesunrise)晌礼（从太阳当顶到半下午）Zuhr(afterthezenithofthesuntillmidafternoon)午礼（半下午到下午晚些时候）Asr(betweenmidandlateafternoon昏礼（日落后不久）Maghrib(shortlyaftersunset)宵礼（晚上及第二天黎明前）‘Isha(duringnight-timeandbeforethenextmorning’stwilight)另外也有一些自愿的祈祷，也有其他场合的祈祷ThereareadditionalvoluntaryprayersaswellasareprayersforspecialoccasionsPrayer祈祷:TheMosque清真寺清真寺不包含雕塑与图片Mosquesdonotcontainstatuesorimages清真寺内部装饰着书法与阿拉伯几何图案设计Calligraphyandarabesquegeometricdesignsbeautifythemosqueinterior其中没有座位，也没有预留的地方Therearenoseatsandnoreservedplaces礼拜者进入清真寺前要拖鞋Worshippersremovetheirshoesbeforeentry清真寺有卫生清洗设施Washingfacilitiesareattachedtothemosque清真寺也被作为文化中心ThemosquealsoservesasaculturalcentreCharity(Zakat)天课超过贫困线的每个人都要支付年剩余（非收入）的2.5%救济需要的人Everybodyabovethepovertythresholdmustpay2.5%ofsurplus(notincome)forthebenefitoftheneedyannually只有穆斯林缴纳天课OnlyMuslimspayZakah天课的概念确保了一种社会责任意识并且避免了私藏TheconceptofZakahensuresanawarenessofsocialobligationandpreventshordingFasting(inRamadan)斋戒（在斋月中）斋月是在伊斯兰阴历的第九个月，这一历法每年都比阳历早开始十天Ramadanis9thmonthinIslamicLunarcalendarandthusstarts10daysearliereveryyearofthesolarcalendar从日出前开始直到日落后，停止饮食，并且克制情欲Abstinencefromfoodanddrinkandmaritalrelationsfromdawntosunset传统是在规定日期打破斋戒Itistraditionaltobreakthefastwithdates斋戒是为了训练自制与得到神的意识Fastingistoteachself-controlandawarenessofGodHajj(Pilgrimage)朝觐对于有能力的穆斯林，一生当中至少要去麦加朝觐一次。朝觐是在穆斯林历法最后一个月。PilgrimagetoMakkahonceinlifetimeforableMuslimsduringthelastmonthoftheMuslimcalendar全世界各地每年有两三百万穆斯林到麦加朝觐About2-3millionMuslimsperformHajjeachyearfromallovertheworld一年当中的任何时候都可以去麦加小朝Alesserpilgrimage(Umrah)cantakeplaceanytimeduringtheyearasavisittotheKaabahSunniandShiia逊尼派与什叶派逊尼派有十亿人1billionSunni非阿拉伯逊尼派NonArabSunnis:土耳其、巴勒斯坦、阿富汗，与其他××斯坦国家，印尼——人口大国Turkey,Pakistan,Afghanistan,otherstans,Indonesia-hugepopulation什叶派一亿七千万170millionShi’a非阿拉伯什叶派NonArabShi’a伊朗，阿富汗Iran,Afghanistan17Thesunni-shiiaseperationorigion逊尼派-什叶派分离的渊源穆罕默德卒，没有留下确定的继承人632-Muhammaddies,leavingnoconfirmedsuccessor632关于谁会领导这个宗教信仰在家族中产生了分歧——是按血统（阿里）还是一个最能力的人Disagreementamongclansonwhowillleadthefaith-bloodline(Ali)ortheonemostcapable伊斯兰社区选举穆罕默德的岳父“艾卜巴克尔”来领导，他成为了首位哈里发theIslamiccommunityelectsMuhammad’sfather-in