语言学概论第十章Language Acquisition

Chapter10Languageacquisition名字。。。。。。Definition:Languageacquisition----referstothechild’sacquisitionofhismothertongue,i.e.howthechildcomestounderstandandspeakthelanguageofhiscommunity.itreferstofirstlanguagenotsecondlanguageacquisionChildrenallovertheworldlearntospeakataboutthesametimeunlesstheysufferfromextremeexternaldeficiency.Howdochildrenaccomplishthis?Whatenablechildrentolearnwordsandstringthemtogetherintomeaningfulsentence?Whatfacilitatechildrentodevelopthegrammaticalsystemoftheirlanguage?Whathelpthemtoachievethecommunicativecompetenceusingthelanguagetoexpresstheirvariousneeds?Discussion!!differencesbetweenthetermofacquisitionandlearninglearningacquisitionintentionalprocessUnconsciousprocessPresupposesteachingDoesnotpresupposeteachingTeachercontrolspaceChildcontrolspaceusesgrammaticalrulesusesgrammaticalfeel语言习得：通常指在自然的语言环境中，通过旨在沟通意义的言语交际活动，不自觉地，自然地掌握或获得第一语言。典型的例子是儿童习得第一语言。语言学习：通常指在学校环境下，有专门的教师指导，严格按照教学大纲和课本，通过讲解，练习，记忆等活动，有计划，有系统，有意识地对语言规则的掌握。典型的例子是成人在学校学习第二语言。example:Mathematics？thesubjectMathematicsislearned,notacquired.Threemaintheoriesofchildlanguageacquisitionthebehavioristview行为主义理论theinnatistview语法积极天生主义理论theinteractionistview互动主义理论thefocusoftheirdebateiswhethertheinnateabilityorthelanguageenvironmentplaysacrucialroleintheprocessofachild'slanguageacquisition.ThreemaindifferenttheoriesconcerninghowlanguageislearnedBehavioristviewInnatistviewthebehaviorist（行为主义论）proposedbyB.F.Skinners(斯金纳)Traditionalbehavioristsviewlanguageasbehaviorandbelievethatlanguagelearningissimplyamatterofimitationandhabitformation.ImitationRecognitionReinforcement(gradually,habit-forming)AbehavioristviewoflanguageacquisitionChildrendonotimitateadults’speechinmuchthesamewayasparrotsdo,theyimitatewordsselectivelyandaccordingtotheirownunderstandingofthewordsorpatterns,whichisbasedonwhatthechildrenhavealreadyknowninsteadofwhatis“available”intheenvironment.Sometimeschildrenareverymuchinchargeoftheconversationandactivitieswithadults,childrenseemtopickoutpatternsandgeneralizethemtonewcontexts.Theycreatenewformsornewusesofwords,untiltheyfinallyfigureouthowtheformsareusedbyadults.advantagesalthoughthebehavioristviewisunderchallengeandcriticismbecauseofitsinadequacy,butitseemstobereasonableinsomedegree.forexample,children'slearningofalanguageneedsimmitationandreinforcememt;it'snecessarytoformcertainhabitinordertomasteralanguage.disadvantagesitfailstoexplainhowchildrenacquiremorecomplexgrammaticalstructuresofthelanguage.Examples:a.Johni’smotherloveshimi,j.b.*HeilovesJohni’smother.c.Hisi,motherlovesJohni.Theinadequacyofbehavioristviewliesinthefactthatchildrendonotimitateadults’languageinmuchthesamewayasparrotsdo.theinnatistview（语法天生主义论）proposedbyChomskyAccordingtotheinnatistviewoflanguageacquisition,humanbeingsarebiologicallyprogrammedforlanguage.Aninnatistviewoflanguageacquisition1st:Allchildrenvirtuallylearntheirnativelanguagewhichissocomplicatedatalmostthesametime.2nd:Childrensuccessfullymasterthebasicstructureoftheirlanguageordialectinvariousconditions.3rd:Thelanguagechildrenexposedtomaynotcontainexamplesofalltheinformationwhichtheyeventuallyknow.Accordingtotheinnatistviewoflanguageacquisition,humanbeingsarebiologicallyprogrammedforlanguageandthatthelanguagedevelopsinthechildjustasotherbiologicalfunctionssuchaswalking.LAD-languageacquisitiondeviceLAD语言习得机制Chomskyreferredtotheinnatelanguageabilityaslanguageacquisitiondevice(LAD).TheLanguageAcquisitionDevice(LAD)isapostulated“organ”ofthebrainthatissupposedtofunctionasainborndeviceforlanguageacquisition.LanguageAcquisitionDevice(LAD)AccordingtoChomsky,thereareaspectsoflinguisticorganizationthatarebasictothehumanbrainandthatmakeitpossibleforchildrentoacquirelinguisticcompetenceinallitscomplexitywithlittleinstructionfromfamilyorfriends.HearguesthatLADprobablyconsistsofthreeelements:ahypothesis-maker,linguisticuniversal,andanevaluationprocedure.UG普遍语法LaterChomskyreferstothisinnateendowment天资asUniversalGrammar.UniversalGrammarincludesasetofprincipleswhichcanbeusedtoexplainchildlanguageacquisition.UGisanendowmentthatallchildrenarebornwith.Ifchildrenarepre-equippedwithUG,thenwhattheyhavetolearnisthewayinwhichtheirownlanguagemakesuseoftheseprinciples.AninnatistviewoflanguageacquisitionTG(Transformational-Generative)grammarseeslanguageasasystemofinnaterules.Anativespeakerpossessesalinguisticcompetence,oralanguageacquisitiondevice.AlthoughChomskydoesnotintendtomakehismodelarepresentationofperformance,i.e.,thelanguageactuallyusedincommunication,appliedlinguisticsfindTGgrammarusefulincertainaspects.Thisviewservesasananswertothelogicalproblemoflanguageacquisitionthatthebehavioristviewfailstorecognize.LogicalProblemofLanguageAcquisition逻辑问题Thelogicalproblemreferstothefactthatchildrencometoknowmoreabouttheirlanguagethanwhattheycouldreasonablybeexpectedtolearnfromtheirlivingenvironment.so,whenexposedtoconfsinginformationorwhenguidanceorcorrectionisnotavalable,childrencandiscoverforthemselvestheultimaterulesofthelanguagesystem.examplesJohnsawhimself.HimselfsawJohn.(theref