16现在分词与动名词的区别

不定式(infinitive)、动名词(gerund)和分词(participle)不定式和动名词可以做主语、宾语、表语、补语等，分词起形容词和副词作用，可做表语、定语、状语和复合结构中的复合宾语，但不能做主语和宾语，不定式1.不定式作主语(subject)时Tohelpothersisourduty.TospeakgoodEnglishisnoteasy.注：可将it形式主语放在主语的位置，把动词不定式放在句尾。It’snecessaryforustomeetagain.It’sagoodideatodrawthefish.宾语（object)2.不定式常常用作某些动词的宾语，如：afford，agree，ask，attempt，beg，begin，bother，care，choose，claim，consent，decide，demand，desire，endeavor，expect，fail，fear，hate，help，hesitate，hinder，hope，intend，learn，manage，neglect，offer，plan，pledge，prefer，prepare，pretend，refuse，resolve，start，threaten，undertake，venture，volunteer，wantIhesitatetospendsomuchmoneyonclothes.Thecarrepairerbegantocheckmycarengine.Thelittlegirlpretendedtobeasleepwhenhermotherenteredtheroom.“疑问词+动词不定式”作宾语:decide，explain，guess，know，inquire，observe，show，teach，tell，understand，wonderIhaven’tdecidedwhentoholdtheEnglishEvening.Thefarmershowedushowtocutrice.在感官动词或使役动词后如feel，have，hear，let，make，notice，observe，overhear，perceive，see，watch，listento，lookat，hadbetter，wouldrather…than…，wouldsooner…than…，ratherthan，maywelldo，mayaswelldo，cannotbut…，cannothelpbut…，以及dobut/exceptdo句型,之后to常常被省略，但在它的被动语态中to不能被省略。例如：Iheardthegirlsingintheclassroom.Thegirlisheardtosingintheclassroom.Theyhadnothingtodobutstayinthewaitingroom.Theyhadnochoicebuttostayinthewaitingroom.4.作定语(attributivemodifier)时Theonlywaytoarresthimistowatchthepapers.5.作状语(adverbialmodifier)时WecometoschooltostudyFrench.Welefthome(inorder/soas)tocatchthefirsttraintoLondon.不定式的时态与语态（1HepretendedtobereadingabookwhenIcameintotheroom.Heseemedtohaveforgotteneverything.（2Themeetinghastobecancelledbecausethechairmanisill.（3Hetriedhardnottodoanythingthatmighthurtherpride.动名词1.动名词作主语时，谓语动词一律用单数Sayingiseasierthandoing.Seeingisbelieving.注：It形式主语可放在主语的位置，把动名词放在句尾。ItfeltfunnywatchingmyselfonTV.It’snousecryingoverthespiltmilk.(覆水难收)Cryingoverthespiltmilkisnouse.※在therebe句型中作主语There’snogettingalongwithhim.(简直无法和他相处)Thereisnotellingwhowillwin.说不上谁会赢。Thereisnoknowingwhattheweatherwillbelikethisevening.不知道天气会怎样2.表语Myfavoritesportisskiing.HisjobisteachingusEnglish.=TeachingusEnglishishisjob.Hishobbyispainting=Paintingishishobby3.宾语1）有些动词只能接动名词作宾语avoidmissputoff/postpone避免错过少延期suggestfinishpractice建议完成多练习enjoyimaginecan’thelp喜欢想象禁不住admitdenyenvy承认否定与嫉妒escaperiskexcuse逃避冒险莫原谅standkeepmind忍受保持不介意（2）在某些固定词组后跟动名词作宾语referto(参考，谈到)lookforwardto(盼望)payattentionto(注意到)stickto(坚持)devoteoneselfto(奉献给)beusedto(习惯于)getusedto(变得习惯于)objectto(反对)giveup(放弃)insiston(坚持要)setabout(开始着手于)feellike(想做)succeedin（doingsth）(成功干某事)beworthdoing值得做某事（3）有些动词后既可以接动词不定式，也可以接动名词作宾语，表示不同的含义。remember/forgettodosth.记住/忘记要做的某事remember/forgetdoingsth.记住/忘记做过某事regrettodosth.因要做或要说什么而抱歉或遗憾regrtdoingsth.因做了或说了什么而遗憾或后悔（4）在need,want,require等动词后，用动名词的主动形式表示被动的含义。如果用不定式，必须用被动式，但用动名词的时候较多。Thewindowswantcleaning.窗子需要擦干净。Thegrassneedscutting=Thegrassneedstobecut草坪需要修剪(5).作介词宾语时Heleftwithoutsayinggoodbyetous.I’mlookingforwardtomeetingyou.4.作定语，它修饰的名词的用途，不存在逻辑上的主谓关系Theuniversitypresident’sopeningspeechisencouraging.动名词的逻辑主语动名词一般表示的是主语的行为或状况，如果表示的不是主语的行为或状况，由名词所有格或物主代词表示其逻辑主语。（John’s）Hismarryingavillagegirlsurprisedallhisfriends.Motherdislikesmy(me)workinglate..复合结构Mary’snotpassingtheexammadehermotherveryangryThestudents’knowingEnglishwellwillhelpthemtolearnFrench..动名词的完成时态和被动形式（1Hewaschargedwithhavingneglectedhisduty.（2Theproblemisfarfrombeingsolved.Thefoodshowsnosignofhavingbeentouched.现在分词现在分词在句子里可以用作表语、定语、补语、状语。1.表语，描述的是主语的特征，相当于形容词，故不可与主语互换。Thedayissocharming!今天天气真好！Thefilmismovingandinteresting.这部电影感人而有趣。Thegirlwasveryamusing.这女孩很有趣。2、作定语现在分词作定语，含有进行和主动的意思。这时，被修饰的名词与现在分词在逻辑上存在着主谓关系。（1）现在分词作定语一般表示现在正发生的动作。Themanrunningoverthereisourchairman=Themanwhoisrunningoverthereisourchairman.正在朝那边跑的那个人是我们的主席。（2）现在分词表示的动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生。Theroadjoiningthetwovillagesisverywide.=Theroadthatjoinsthetwovillagesisverywide.连接这两个村子的路非常宽。3.宾补（1）感官动词接现在分词（v-ing）作宾语补足语的用法感官动词feel,find,hear,smell,observe,watch,notice,lookat,listento等接v-ing形式的宾语补足语表示宾语正在进行的动作。如：Ifeltthehouseshaking.我觉得房子在晃动。Ismellsomethingburning.我闻到东西烧焦的味。（2）使役动词接现在分词（v-ing）作宾补的用法。使役动词如have,set,get,catch,keep,leave等接v-ing形式作宾补，表示宾语持续的动作。Hiswordssetmethinking.他的话使我深思。Hisletterleftmefeelingprettybad.他的信使我感觉很坏。4.状语Hearingthegoodnews,hejumpedwithgreatjoy.(=whenheheardthenews,hejumpedwithgreatjoy.)Seeingnobodyathome,hedecidedtoleavethemanote.(=Becausehesawnobodyathome,hedecidedtoleavethemanote.)Thegirlscamein,followingtheirparents.(=Thegirlsfollowedtheirparentsandcamein.)Thepooroldmandied,leavingnothingtohischildren.(=Theoldmanwassopoorthathediedleavingnothingtohischildren./Thepooroldmanwholeftnothingtohischildrendied.)Travelingbycar,wevisitedmanyplaces.Workingveryhard,hedidn’tfeelabittired.(=Thoughheworkedveryhard,hedidn’tfeelabittired.)Usingyourhead,you’llhaveagoodidea.(=Ifyouuseyourhead,you’llhaveagoodidea./Useyourheadandyou’llhaveagoodidea.)1、时间性。与谓语动词同时发生，用一般式；发生在谓语动词之前，则用完成式havingdone。2、语态性。与句子主语之间的关系是主谓关系，或动宾关系时，遵循“主动进行，被动完成”的规则。一般说来，这种结构的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。Gerund/presentparticiple1.定语1）没有逻辑上的