2 商务英语翻译之词汇翻译

遣词“推敲”之说“鸟宿池边树，僧敲月下门”——《题李凝幽居》贾岛一名之立，旬月踟蹰。——严复一、词义的选择英语词汇丰富Webster’s3rdInternationalEnglishDictionary收录45万条entry英语词义特点：灵活多变（一词多义，一词多用，一词多类），语义范围宽，同义词多，翻译时难以找到对应词一词多义adrysheep不产奶drybread不加黄油adrybook枯燥无味adryaccount干巴巴、不加渲染的一词多义adrywelcome冷淡adryface无泪adrywriter没有作品的dryefforts徒劳无益的一词多类asquarepeginaroundhole.不称职的人Hewasknockedoutinthethirdround.Thetaxiroundedthecorneranddisappearedfromview.Theearthrotatesroundthesun.Thenewswassoonpassedround.2根据上下文选择词义Shewasagirlwithgoodmanners.她是一位举止得体的姑娘。Thesewerealllabeledasgoodeggs.这些都被标为新鲜的鸡蛋。Dogsareoftenregardedasman’sgoodfriends.狗经常被认为是人们的忠实朋友。Hewasagoodchessplayer.他是个高明的棋手。3根据不同前后搭配确定词义4根据不同的学科领域或专业确定词义二、词义的引申1技术性引申2修辞性引申disintegration土崩瓦解far-sightedness远见卓识perfectharmony水乳交融carefulconsideration深思熟虑3具体化引申Hewaitedforherwithafrenziedagitation.在等她的过程中他急得象热锅上的蚂蚁。Thereismoretotheirlifethanpoliticalandsocialandeconomicproblems;morethantransienteverydayness.他们的生活远不止那些政治的、社会的和经济的问题，远不止一时的柴米油盐问题。4抽象化引申：Thereisamixtureofthetigerandthefoxinthecharacteroftheimperialists.帝国主义者的性格既残暴又狡猾。Everylifehasitsrosesandthorns.每个人的生活都有甜有苦.Bythismeansshecastinabonebetweenthewifeandthehusband.她用这种手段离间这对夫妻。Manforthefieldandwomanforthehearth;Manfortheswordandfortheneedleshe.Manwiththeheadandwomanwiththeheart;Mantocommandandwomantoobey.男人适于农耕，女人适于家务；男人宜于征战，女人宜于缝纫；男人善于深思，女人富于感情；男人发号施令，女人唯有服从。三、词类的转换转换成汉语的动词英语和汉语相比较，汉语中动词用得比较多，这是一个特点。往往在英语句子中只用一个谓语动词，而在汉语中却可以几个动词或动词性结构连用。如：HeadmiresthePresident’sstateddecisiontofightforthejob.(他对总统声明为保持其职位而决心奋斗表示钦佩。)仅这一个句子，就可领悟到英汉互译中词类转译的必要性。转换成汉语的动词英语名词或名词化结构及动名词均可译为汉语动词：Achangeofstatefromasolidtoaliquidformrequiresheatenergy.从固态变为液态需要热能。从固态到液态的改变需要热能。Lightfromthesunisamixtureofmanydifferentcolors.太阳光是由许多不同颜色的光混合而成的。Thegovernmentcalledfortheestablishmentofmoretechnicalschools.政府号召建立更多的技术学校。Integratedcircuitsarerecentdevelopment.集成电路是近几年才发展起来的。Mysuggestionisthatheshouldquitsmokingatonce.我建议他立刻戒烟。Hisveryappearanceatanyaffairproclaimsitatriumph.无论什么事情，只要他一露面，就算是成功了。Anacquaintanceofworldhistoryishelpfultothestudyoftranslation.读一点世界史，对学习翻译是有帮助的。AviewofMt.E-meicanbeobtainedfromhere.从这儿可以看到峨嵋山。Heisnosmoker,buthisfatherisachainsmoker.他倒是不抽烟，但他的爸爸却一支接一支地抽（是个老烟枪）。Hewasaregularvisitor.他经常来。Whatkindofsailorareyou?(abadsailororagoodsailor?)你晕不晕船？形容词转译为汉语的动词：Televisionisdifferentfromradiointhatitsendsandreceivespictures.电视不同于无线电在于能发送并接受图象。Itwasaveryinformativemeeting.会上透露了许多信息。Thatfellowisverytalkative.那个家伙老是滔滔不绝讲个不停。副词转译为汉语的动词：Openthevalvetoletairin.打开阀门，让空气进入。Inthiscase,thetemperatureinthefurnaceisup.在这种情况下，炉温就升高。介词转译为动词：Mancannotsurvivewithoutair.离开了空气人类不能生存。Aretheythroughwiththeassemblingofthemachines?他们完成了这台机器的装配工作吗？Hewasbetweensheetsbyeleven.十一点时，他已睡在被窝里。Millionsofthepeopleinthemountainousareasarefinallyoffpoverty.千百万山区人民终于摆脱了贫穷。“Coming!”Awaysheskimmedoverthelawn,upthepath,upthesteps,acrosstheveranda,andintotheporch.“来啊!”她转身蹦着跳着地跑了,越过草地,跑上小径,跨上台阶,穿过凉台,进了门廊。转换成汉语的名词Theenactmentoftheanti-secessionlawaimsatcheckingandopposingTaiwanindependencemove.制定反分裂国家法目的在于遏制和反对台独。Glassismuchmoresolublethanquartz.玻璃的可溶性比石英大得多。Heisphysicallyweakbutmentallysound.他身体虽弱，但思想健康。Heobjectedthattheplanisnotpractical.他反对的理由是：这个计划不现实。Shebehavesasifshewereachild.她的举止跟一个孩子一样。Awell-dressedman,wholookedandtalkedlikeanAmerican,gotintothecar.一个衣着讲究的人上了车，他的言谈举止酷似美国人。Theydidtheirbesttohelpthesickandthewounded.他们尽了最大的努力帮助病号和伤员。Thisproblemisnolessimportantthanthatone.这个问题的重要性不亚于那个问题。Itiseditoriallysaidthat…社论说……转换成汉语的形容词Itisdemonstratedthatgasesareperfectlyelastic.已经证实，气体具有理想的弹性。Icannotethegraceofhergesture.我可以看到她优雅的举止。WehaveseenthebeautyofMt.Tai.我们看到了美丽的泰山。Independentthinkingisanabsolutenecessityinstudy.独立思考是学习所绝对必要的。Shelookedatmeexpectantly.她用期待的眼光看着我。Hopefully,itwillbedoneearlynextmonth.下月初完成这项工作是大有希望的。他们热忱地欢迎他。Theygivehimaheartywelcome.他会立即答复。Hewillgiveanimmediatereply.转换成汉语的副词Themodernworldisexperiencingrapiddevelopmentofscienceandtechnology.当今世界科学技术正在迅速发展。Allofthisprovesthatwemusthaveaprofoundstudyofpropertiesofmetals.所有这一切证明我们必须深入地研究金属的特性。Themannoddedwithsatisfaction.那人满意地点了点头。Hehadthehonortoattendthecongress.他荣幸地出席了代表大会。Hehadacarefulstudyofthemapbeforehestartedoff.他在出发前仔细地看了看地图。Canyougiveanaccuratetranslationofthesentence?你能准确地把这句话译出来吗？TheoperationofacomputerneedssomeknowledgeofEnglish.操作电脑需要一些英文知识。（名词→动词）IsMr.Smithfamiliarwiththeperformanceofthelaboratoryequipment?史密斯先生熟悉实验室设备的性能吗？（形容词→动词）Thecompanyhasadvertisedinthenewspaperforelectronicsexperts.公司在报上登广告招聘电子方面的专家。（介词→动词）Themachineweighsaboutfivehundredkilograms.这台机器的重量大约是500公斤。（动词→名词）ManyWesternpeoplearereligious.西方人很多都是虔诚的教徒。（形容词→名词）Theunitofweightisthegram,thatoflengthisthemeter,andthatofcapacityisthelitre.重量的单位是克，长度单位是米，容量单位是升。（代词→名词）Themachinecanbedimensionallyalteredaccordingtoconsumers’need.机器的尺寸可以根据用户的需要改变。（副词→名词）Tobeindependentisanabsolutenecessityforyoungpeople.独立对年轻人来说是绝对必要的。（名词→形容词）Withslightrepairs,themachinecouldbeinmotion.只要稍加修理，这台机器便可以运转。（形容词→副词）Thenewmayorearnedrespectduetothec