(词汇学)Word_Formation

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Ⅰ.WordFormationTherearethreemajorprocessesofwordformation:derivation,compoundingandconversion.(Ⅰ).Derivation:(派生)Derivationoraffixationisgenerallydefinedasaword-formationprocessbywhichnewwordsarecreatedbyaddingaprefix,orsuffix,orboth,tothebase.Prefixes:Themajorlivingprefixesareclassifiedintothefollowingeightcategoriesbytheirmeaning.1.“negative”prefixes(un-,non-,in-,dis-,a-,)eg:unkind(adj),untie(v),non-person(n),non-restrictive(adj),inability(n),incomplete(adj),impossible(adj),disadvantage(n),dislike(v),asexual(adj),abnormal(adj),abuse(v)2.“reversative”prefixes(un-,de-,dis-,)eg:uncover(v),unearth(v),uncomfortable(adj),unlike(prep),deform(v),degrade(v),discover(v),discourage(v),dislike(v),3.“pejorative”prefixes(mis-,mal-,pseudo-,)eg:mistake(v),misunderstand(v),misfortune(n),maladjustment(n),malformation(n),maladminister(v),pseudo-science(n),pseudoclassic(a),4.“degreeorsize”prefixes(arch-,super-,out-,sub-,over-,under-,hyper-,ultra-,mini-,)eg:archbishop(n),arch-criminal(n),archenemy(n),supermarket(n),superpower(n),superfine(adj)outdo(v),outlive(v),outgo(v),subeditor(n),subdivide(v),subtitle(n),overdo(v),overbuy(v),overestimate(v),hypersonic(a),hypersensitive(a),hypertension(n),ultra-democracy(n),ultrarapid(a),ultrared(a),minibus(n),miniskirt(n),minigun(n),5.“attitude”prefixes(co-,counter-,anti-,pro-,)eg:cooperate(v)合作,coheir(n)共同继承人,coexist(v)共存,counterattack(n,v)反击,counter-revolutionary(adj)反革命的,anti-Japanese(adj)抗日的,antiwar(adj)反战的,anticolonial(adj)反殖民地的anti-drinking(adj)反对酗酒的pro-American(adj)亲美的,pro-Japanese(adj)亲日的,6.“locative”prefixes(sub-,inter-,trans-,)eg:subway(n)地铁,subtitle(n)副标题,subsurface(adj)表面下的international(adj),intercity(adj)市间的,interact(v)相互作用,相互影响transport(v)运输,transfer(v)转移,调动transmit(v)转播trans-Atlantic(adj)穿越大西洋的,7.“timeandorder”prefixes(fore-,pre-,post-,ex-,)eg:forecast(v,n)预报,foresee(v)预见,forehead(n)前额preview(v)预习,pre-read(v)预先阅读,prepay(v)预付,postwar(adj)战后的,postgraduate(n)研究生,postscript(n)附言,ex-president(n)前任总统,ex-monitor(n)前任班长,ex-wife(n)前妻,8.“number”prefixes(uni-/mono-,bi-/di-,tri-,multi-,poly-,)eg:unicycle(n)独轮车,unidirectional(a)单向的,uniform(a,n)统一的;制服monocycle(n)独轮车,monodrama(n)单人剧,monoxide(n)一氧化物bicycle(n),bilateral(adj)双边的,bilingual(adj)双语的dioxide(n)二氧化物,dialogue(n)对话,dichromatic(adj)二色(性)的,tricycle(n)三轮车,tricar(n)三轮车,triangle(n)三角,multilateral(adj)多边的,multimedia(adj)多媒体,multi-industry(n)多种经营,polycrystal(n)多晶体,polycyclic(adj)多环的,polyfunctional(adj)多功能的,Suffixes:Sincesuffixesusuallychangethewordfromonepartofspeechtoanother,wecanintroducethemaingroupsofsuffixes.1.Nounsuffixes:neighbourhood(邻居),friendship(友谊),booklet(册子),kingdom(王国),kindness(善良),socialist(社会主义者),socialism(社会主义),rapidity(迅速),worker(工人),employee(雇员),action(行动),movement(运动),arrival(到达),marriage(婚姻)2.Verbsuffixes:simplify(简化),modernize(使现代化),quicken(加快),3.Adjectivesuffixes:useful(有用的),useless(无用的),windy(多风的),foolish(愚蠢的),manly(有男子气概的),washable(可水洗的),pointed(尖的),cultural(文化的),poisonous(有毒的),4.Adverbsuffixes:happily(愉快地),backward(s)(向后),northward(s),clockwise(顺时针地),Formation:1.prefix﹢freeroot:prearrange(v)预先安排,postscript(n)附言,rewrite(n)改写,enlarge(v)扩大,impossible(adj)不可能的,dislike(v)不喜欢,2.freeroot﹢suffix:darkness(n),friendship(n),movement(n),hopeful(a),hopeless(a),mouse-like(a)像鼠一样的,darken(v),badly(adv),clockwise(adv),3.prefix﹢freeroot﹢suffix:inaction(n)无行动,懒散,improfitable(adj)无利润的,unfriendly(adj),removal(n),4.prefix﹢boundroot:predict(v)预言,预示,descend(v)下降,contradict(v)反驳,同…矛盾,5.boundroot﹢suffix:tolerance(n)容忍,liberate(v)解放,diction(n)措辞,linguist(n)语言学家,6.prefix﹢boundroot﹢suffix:intolerable(adj)不可容忍的,descendant(n)后代,disruptive(adj)分裂的,(Ⅱ).Compounding:(合成)Compoundingisaword-formationprocessconsistingofjoiningtwoormorebasestoformanewunit,acompoundword.1.NounCompounds:(commonest)Onekindofclassificationislexical:(1)N﹢N:nightschool(夜校),handbook(手册),(2)Adj﹢N:greenhouse(温室),blackboard(黑板),(3)V﹢N:driveway(机动车道),pickpocket(扒手),(4)Prep/adv﹢N:after-effect(后效),afternoon(下午),(5)gerund﹢N:living-room(起居室),walking-stick(拐杖),(6)present.p﹢N:ruling-class(统治阶级),floating-bridge(浮桥),(7)N﹢V:snowfall(下雪),daybreak(黎明),(8)N﹢gerund:handwriting(书写),book-learning(书本知识),(9)pron﹢N:he-goat(公山羊),she-cat(女猫),(10)V﹢Adv:make-up(构造;性格;化妆品),breakthrough(突破)Theotherkindofclassificationissyntactic:(1)Subject﹢predicate:sunrise(黎明),flashlight(闪光灯),working-people(劳动人民),(2)vt﹢object:pickpocket,reading-material,haircut,letter-writing,chopstick,pastime,(3)Subject﹢object:gas-light(汽灯):”gasproduceslight,”sugar-cane(甘蔗):”caneproducessugar,”(4)Appositive:manservant(男侍者),girl-friend(女朋友),2.AdjectiveCompounds:Onekindofclassificationislexical:(1)N﹢Adj:life-long(终生的),world-famous(举世闻名的),(2)Adj﹢Adj:light-blue(浅蓝的),dead-alive(没精打采的),(3)Present.p﹢Adj:freezing-cold(冰冷的),smoking-hot(热气腾腾的),(4)N﹢present.p:peace-loving(爱和平的),English-speaking(说英语的),(5)N﹢past.p:heart-felt(由衷的),snow-covered(被雪覆盖的),(6)Adj﹢present.p:easy-going(悠闲的),good-looking(好看的),(7)Adj﹢past.p:new-born(新生的),green-painted(喷绿的),(8)Adv﹢present.p:hardworking(勤劳的),outstanding(杰出的),(9)Adv﹢past.p:well-known(著名的),ready-made(现成的),(10)A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