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PptMaker：陈菲蔡敏黄雅茜Speaker：周玉芳常艳敏WhatisTraditionalChineseMedicine•TCMisawellofmedicalknowledgegainedfromover4,000yearsofobservation,investigationandclinicalexperience.•TCMisanempiricalscience•itstheoriesandtreatmentshavebeenrepeatedlyinuseandrefinedoverthislongperiodoftime.Profile•TraditionalChineseMedicinereferstoabroadrangeofmedicinepracticessharingcommontheoreticalconceptswhichhavebeendevelopedinChinaandarebasedonatraditionofmorethan2,000years,includingvariousformsofherbalmedicine,acupuncture,massage,exercise,anddietarytherapy.ThesepracticesareacommonpartofmedicalcarethroughoutEastAsia,butareconsideredalternativemedicineintheWesternworld.•TCM'sviewofthebodyputlittleemphasisonanatomicalstructures,butismainlyconcernedwiththeidentificationoffunctionalentities.Whilehealthisperceivedasharmoniousinteractionoftheseentitiesandtheoutsideworld,diseaseisinterpretedasadisharmonyininteraction.TCMdiagnosisconsistsintracingsymptomstoanunderlyingdisharmonypattern,mainlybypalpatingthepulseandinspectingthetongue.HistoryofTCMTheory•Legendhasitthattheancient“ShenNongtastedahundredspeciesofherbsandalmost70speciesofpoisonousplantsaday.”Repeatedexperiencebroughtknowledgewhichwaspasseddownthroughtheages.•Xia:alcoholwasproducedandusedtotreatdiseases•Shang:medicalherbdecoctionswerebeingproduced•WesternZhou:Practitionersappeared,dealingwithnutriology,medicine,surgery,veterinarymedicine•SpringandAutumn:theexcessofanyofthesixclimaticconditions(cloudy,sunny,windy,rainy,darkandbright)wasthecauseofdisease.•WarringStates:health-preservingscience,TheInnerCanonofHuangdi•QinandHan:ShenNongsMateriaMedica,TreatiseonColdPathogenicandMiscellaneousDiseases,华佗•WeiandJin:compiledandedited《伤》，PulseClassic•Sui:TreatiseontheCausesandSymptomsofDiseases《诸病源候论》巢元方•Tang:proposedthedoctrineofthemotionoftheFivePhasesandSixNaturalFactors•Song:combinedtheHeavenlyStemsandEarthlyBrancheswithit.•Fromthis,theprinciplesandmethodsoftherapycouldbeworkedout.PhilosophicalbackgroundAllphenomenaoftheuniverseandnaturecanbebrokendownintofiveelementalqualitiesrepresentedbywood,fire,earth,metal,andwater.StrictrulesareidentifiedtoapplytotherelationshipsbetweentheFivePhasesintermsofsequence,ofactingoneachother,ofcounteractionetc.AlltheseaspectsofFivePhasestheoryconstitutethebasisoftheZangfuconcept,andthushavegreatinfluenceregardingtheTCMmodelofthebody.FivePhasetheoryisalsoappliedindiagnosisandtherapy.五行归类五行木火土金水方位东南中西北天干甲乙丙丁戊己庚辛壬癸地支寅卯巳午辰戌丑未申酉子亥四季春夏长夏秋冬五形矩形尖形方形圆形波形五色青赤黄白黑五味酸苦甘辛咸五志怒喜思忧恐五智仁礼信义智五脏肝心脾肺肾五腑胆小肠胃大肠膀胱五官目舌唇鼻耳五体筋脉肉皮毛骨六神青龙朱雀勾陈腾蛇白虎玄武TheoryofyinandyangTheconceptofyinandyangisalsoapplicabletothehumanbody;forexample,theupperpartofthebodyandthebackareassignedtoyang,whilethelowerpartofthebodyarebelievedtohavetheyincharacter.Yinandyangcharacterizationalsoextendstothevariousbodyfunctions,and-moreimportantly-todiseasesymptoms.Thus,yinandyangofthebodyareseenasphenomenawhoselack(oroverabundance)comeswithcharacteristicsymptomcombinations:•Yinvacuity(alsotermedvacuity-heat):heatsensations,possiblenightsweats,insomnia,drypharynx,drymouth,darkurine,aredtonguewithscantfur,andafineandrapidpulse.•Yangvacuity(vacuity-cold):aversiontocold,coldlimbs,brightwhitecomplexion,longvoidingsofclearurine,diarrhea,paleandenlargedtongue,andaslightlyweak,slowandfinepulse.TCMmodelofthebody•Itsviewofthehumanbodyisonlymarginallyconcernedwithanatomicalstructures,butfocusesprimarilyonthebody'sfunctions.•Qi•Xue(blood)•Zangfu•Jingluo(meridians)Qi•TCMdistinguishesnotonlyonebutseveraldifferentkindsofqi(气).Inageneralsense,qiissomethingthatisdefinedbyfivecardinalfunctions.•Actuation推动•Warming温煦•Defense防御•Containment固摄•Transformation气化•Qiisbelievedtobepartiallygeneratedfromfoodanddrink,andpartiallyfromair.Anotherconsiderablepartofitisinheritedfromtheparentsandwillbeconsumedinthecourseoflife.•由于气在人体所分布的部位不同，有不同的来源与功能特点，因此就有不同的名称，主要的有元气、宗气、营气、卫气等。Xue•functions:nourishingallpartsandtissuesofthebody,safeguardinganadequatedegreeofmoisture,andsustainingandsoothingbothconsciousnessandsleep.•血液的主要来源，是由脾胃所摄取的水谷精激，化为营气，经过肺的作用，贯注心脉而成为血。•Typicalsymptomsofalackofxuě(“bloodvacuity”血虚)aredescribedas:Pale-whiteorwithered-yellowcomplexion,dizziness,floweryvision,palpitations,insomnia,numbnessoftheextremities;paletongue;finepulse.气、血、精、津液都是人体生命活动的必需物质，来源于先天的精气和后天的水谷精气，以及大自然的清气。它们的生成和输布有赖于各脏腑功能的正常活动。Zangfu•TheZangfuconstitutethecentrepieceofTCM'ssystematizationofbodilyfunctions.Bearingthenamesoforgans,theyare,however,onlysecondarilytiedtoanatomicalassumptions.Astheyareprimarilydefinedbytheirfunctions,theyarenotequivalenttotheanatomicalorgans-tohighlightthisfact,theirnamesareusuallycapitalized.JingLuo•ThemeridiansarebelievedtobechannelsrunningfromtheZangfuintheinteriorofthebodytothelimbsandjoints“thesurface”,transportingqiandblood.TCMidentifies12“regular”and8“extraordinary”meridians;theChinesetermsbeing十二经脉(theTwelveVessels)and奇经八脉respectively.There'salsoanumberoflesscustomarychannelsbranchingofffromtheregularmeridians.SixExcesses•TheSixExcesses六淫areallegoricaltermsusedtodescribedisharmonypatternsdisplayingcertaintypicalsymptoms.•Wind(风