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初中语法专题（一）时态一般现在时一般过去时现在进行时过去进行时现在完成时过去完成时一般将来时过去将来时一般现在时一、一般现在时：概念：经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。时间状语：always,usually,often,sometimes,everyweek(day,year,month…),onceaweek,onSundays,etc.基本结构：①be动词；②行为动词否定形式：①am/is/are+not;②此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词，则在其前加don't,如主语为第三人称单数，则用doesn't，同时还原行为动词。Helikesmusic.Hedoesn’tlikemusic.一般疑问句：①把be动词放于句首；②用助动词do提问，如主语为第三人称单数，则用does，同时，还原行为动词。Doeshelikemusic?什么情况下用？①表示经常或习惯性的动作或存在的状态。Theygohomeonceaweek.②表示主语通常的能力、兴趣爱好、和性格特征。Ilikereading.③表示客观的事实或真理。Thesunalwaysrisesintheeast..④表示按照时刻表或已经计划安排好的将来行为。（只限于是go,come,leave,arrive,begin,start,takeoff,stop,be等表示开始或移动意义的词。）⑤在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，主句用一般将来时(will+动词原形)，从句中用一般现在时表将来。（主将从现）Lucywillbeathomeifitrainstomorrow.动词第三人称单数形式变化规则规则例子一般在词尾加-s，(清辅音后读/s/，在浊辅音后读/z/；在t后读/ts/,在d后读/dz/。)Play→playsleave→leavesswim→swims以字母s,x,ch,sh,o结尾的词加-es，读/iz/,如果动词原形词尾已有e,则只加-s。pass→passesfix→fixesteach→teacheswish→wishesdo→does以辅音字母加y结尾的词，先变y为i,再加-es,读/z/study→studiescarry→carriesfly→flies1.He______(be,am,is,are)ateacheratNo.2MiddleSchool.2.He______(have,has)classesintheafternoon.3.He______(get,gets)upathalfpastsixeverymorning.4.Healways_____(come,comes)toschoolontime.5.He______(study,studies)veryhardathislesson.6.Oneandtwo_____(be,is,are)three.7.Blueandyellow_____(make,makes)green.8.Theearth_____(move,moves)roundthesun.9.IwillgothereifI____(be,willbe,am,is,are)freetomorrow.•我们经常在晚上8点看电视。•WealwayswatchTVat8:00intheevening.•我不喜欢红色的鞋。•Idon’tlikeredshoes.2020/1/19一般过去时概念：过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。时间状语：ago,yesterday,thedaybeforeyesterday,lastweek(year,night,month…),in1989,justnow,attheageof5,oneday,longlongago,onceuponatime,etc.基本结构：①be动词；②行为动词否定形式：①was/were+not;②在行为动词前加didn't，同时还原行为动词。Hesmokedlastyear.Hedidn’tsmokelastyear.一般疑问句：①was或were放于句首；②用助动词do的过去式did提问，同时还原行为动词。Didhesmokelastyear?构成规则例子一般在动词原形末尾加-ed，(在清辅音后读/t/；在浊辅音和元音后读/d/；在/t/,/d/后读/id/。look→lookedplay→playedwork→worked结尾是e的动词在末尾加-dlike→likedlive→livedhope→hoped末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节，先双写这个辅音字母，再加-edplan→plannedstop→stoppeddrop→dropped结尾是“辅音字母＋y”的动词，先变“y”为“i”再加-edstudy→studiedworry→worriedcry→cried1.He____(be,was,were,been)hereamomentago.2.They____(be,was,were,been)herejustnow.3.Thescientists_____(leave,leaves,leaved,left)forAmericayesterday.4.Lastweekwe______(visit,visited)theScienceMuseum.5.WhenIwasachild,Ioften____(play,played)football.6.Thestudentsranoutoftheclassroomassoonasthebell____(ring,rang,rung).•当我是个孩子的时候，我经常在街上踢足球。•WhenIwasachild,Ioftenplayedfootballinthestreet.•4．我昨天完成作业了。•Ifinishedthehomeworkyesterday.2020/1/19现在进行时作谓语的动词用来表示动作（情况）发生时间的各种形式称为时态。1.概念：表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。2.时间状语：Now,atthistime,days,look.listen等时间状语做标志。3.基本结构：主语+be+doing+其他4.否定形式：主语+be+not+doing+其他5.一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首。6.用法：现在进行时表示1)、现在（说话的瞬间）正在进行或发生的动作，强调“此时此刻”。E.g.Heisreading.Theyaretalkingnow.2)、当前一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作。E.g.Theyareworkingthesedays.3)、某些动词的现在进行时，表预定的计划或即将发生的动作。E.gIamcoming.现在分词的变法有1)、一般在动词词尾加上-ing,E.g.jump2)、以不发音字母e结尾的动词，先去e，再加-ing.E.ghavewrite3)、.以重读闭音节末尾只有一个辅音字母结尾的词，它前面是单个元音字母时要先将词尾的辅音字母双写，再加上-ing.E.g.sitput其句式变换都在be上做文章。1.I____(write,amwriting,iswriting,arewriting)aletternow.2.Look,it_____(begin,isbeginning,ambeginning,arebeginning)torain.3.They____(study,isstudying,amstudying,arestudying)medicineattheMedicalInstituteofChengdethesedays.4.He_____(teach,amteaching,isteaching,areteaching)anEnglishlessonatthistime.•5.我妈妈在做家务。•Mymotherwasdoinghousework.•6.老师正在教我们如何用电脑。•Theteacherwasteachingushowtousecomputer.2020/1/19过去进行时1.概念：表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。2.时间状语：atthistimeyesterday,atthattime或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。3.基本结构主语+was/were+doing+其他4.否定形式：主语+was/were+not+doing+其他5.一般疑问句：把was或were放于句首。(第一个字母大写）其句式变化仍然要在be上做文章。1.I_____(cook,cooked,wascooking,werecooking)breakfastwhenyouarrived.2.What____you_____(do,did,was...doing,were…doing)atthistimeyesterdayevening?3.We_____(have,arehaving,had,werehaving)dinnerwhenthedoorbellrang.4.While/When/Aswe____(have,had,arehaving,werehaving)dinner,thedoorbellrang.•7.昨天下午四点你们在打篮球吗？•Wereyouplayingbasketballatfouryesterdayafternoon?•8.他看书时睡着了。•Hefellasleepwhenhewasreading.2020/1/19一般将来时构成:①will,shall+动词原形，其中shall只用于第一人称。②begoingto+动词原形，表示主观打算，按计划，安排要发生的事情。③beto+动词原形，表示客观安排④beaboutto+不定式，意为马上要做某事，正要做某事。(不可与副词连用）⑤某些动词，可用进行时态表将来，如come,go,arrive,leave。⑥在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，主句用一般将来时(will+动词原形)，从句中用一般现在时表将来。否定形式：主语+am/is/arenotgoingtodo；主语+will/shallnotdo+其他一般疑问句：be放于句首；will/shall提到句首。e.g.Shewillbebackinthreedays.Shewillnotbebackinthreedays.WillShebebackinthreedays?1_____you____adoctorwhenyougrowup?AWill;goingtobeBAre;goingtobeCAre;/DWill;be2Idon’tknowifhisuncle_____.Ithinkhe_____ifitdoesn’train.Awillcome;comesBwillcome;willcomeCcomes;comesDcomes;willcome3Hewillbeback_____afewminutes.AwithBforConDin4Whattime_____wemeetatthegatetomorrow?AwillBshallCdoDare5Hewillhaveaholidayassoonashe_____theworknextweek.AfinishesBdoesn’tfinishCwillfinishDwon’tfinish6There_____someshowersthisafternoon.AwillbeBwillhaveCisgoingtobeDaregoingtohave7It____mybrother’sbirthdaytomorrow.She_____aparty.Aisgoingtobe;willhaveBwillbe;ishavingCwillbe;isgoingtohaveDwillhave;isgoingtobe8LiMingis10yearsoldnow,nextyearhe_____11.AisBisgoingtobeCwillbeDwil