第2篇 古典理论:长期中的经济 第3章 国民收入

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MacroeconomicsYuHuixinSchoolofEconomics&ManagementHEBUT1第2篇古典理论:长期中的经济第3章国民收入:源自何处,去向何方第4章货币与通货膨胀第5章失业MacroeconomicsYuHuixinSchoolofEconomics&ManagementHEBUT2在长期一个国家的总收入(产出)如何决定?一个国家的总收入如何在国民间分配?产品和服务的需求如何决定?产品市场和可贷资金市场的一般均衡如何实现?第3章国民收入(产出)的决定MacroeconomicsYuHuixinSchoolofEconomics&ManagementHEBUT3第一节什么因素决定产品与劳务的总生产第3章国民收入(产出)的决定一个经济中产品和服务的产出(GDP),取决于投入的数量(生产要素),以及把投入变为产出的能力(技术)。MacroeconomicsYuHuixinSchoolofEconomics&ManagementHEBUT4一、生产要素二、生产函数三、产品与劳务的供给第3章国民收入(产出)的决定第一节什么因素决定产品与劳务的总生产MacroeconomicsYuHuixinSchoolofEconomics&ManagementHEBUT5一、生产要素资本、劳动是最重要的生产要素。假设是固定的,并且都得到了充分利用。二、生产函数可获得的生产技术决定了用既定的资本和劳动量可以生产多少产出。Y=F(K,L)很多生产函数具有规模收益不变的特性。第3章国民收入(产出)的决定第一节什么因素决定产品与劳务的总生产MacroeconomicsYuHuixinSchoolofEconomics&ManagementHEBUT6第3章国民收入(产出)的决定第一节什么因素决定产品与劳务的总生产三、产品与劳务的供给Y=F(K,L)=YMacroeconomicsYuHuixinSchoolofEconomics&ManagementHEBUT7第3章国民收入(产出)的决定第二节国民收入如何分配给生产要素一、要素价格二、竞争性企业所面临的决策三、企业的要素需求四、国民收入的划分MacroeconomicsYuHuixinSchoolofEconomics&ManagementHEBUT8一个经济的总产出等于总收入。国民收入通过要素市场从企业流向家庭。一、要素价格要素价格是支付给生产要素的报酬量——工人所赚到的工资和资本所有者所赚到的租金之和。生产要素的价格由该种生产要素的供求决定。如图3-2第3章国民收入(产出)的决定第二节国民收入如何分配给生产要素MacroeconomicsYuHuixinSchoolofEconomics&ManagementHEBUT9第3章国民收入(产出)的决定第二节国民收入如何分配给生产要素MacroeconomicsYuHuixinSchoolofEconomics&ManagementHEBUT10二、竞争性企业所面临的决策企业利润=PF(K,L)-WL-RK竞争性企业把产品价格和要素价格作为既定的,并选择使利润最大化的劳动和资本量。第3章国民收入(产出)的决定第二节国民收入如何分配给生产要素MacroeconomicsYuHuixinSchoolofEconomics&ManagementHEBUT11三、企业的要素需求劳动的边际产量(MPL)是在资本量不变的情况下,企业多雇佣一单位劳动所得到的增加的产量。MPL=F(K,L+1)-F(K,L)一般情况下,劳动的边际产量递减。企业的劳动需求由下式决定(企业追求利润最大化决定):PxMPL=W,或W/P=MPL企业的资本需求的决定:MPK=R/P第3章国民收入(产出)的决定第二节国民收入如何分配给生产要素MacroeconomicsYuHuixinSchoolofEconomics&ManagementHEBUT12四、国民收入的划分企业经济利润=Y-MPLxL-MPKxKY=MPLxL+MPKxK+企业经济利润当企业的生产函数为规模报酬不变时,竞争性企业的经济利润为0。F(K,L)=MPKxK+MPLxL在实际中,资本的所有者和企业的所有者通常为一个人,所以资本收益和经济利润也往往混在一起。总产出在资本收益和劳动收入之间的划分取决于它们的边际生产率。第3章国民收入(产出)的决定第二节国民收入如何分配给生产要素HowisIncomeDistributedtotheFactorsofProduction?Cobb-DouglasProductionFunctionPaulH.Douglas(1892-1976)In1927,economist(laterSenator)PaulDouglasnoticesthatlabor’sshareofincomehasbeenstableovertime.Itstillis.Foote(Ec1010b)ClassicalModelJanuary27,201327/67MacroeconomicsYuHuixinSchoolofEconomics&ManagementHEBUT13HowisIncomeDistributedtotheFactorsofProduction?RatioofLaborIncometoTotalIncomeFoote(Ec1010b)ClassicalModelJanuary27,201328/67MacroeconomicsYuHuixinSchoolofEconomics&ManagementHEBUT14HowisIncomeDistributedtotheFactorsofProduction?Cobb-DouglasProductionFunctionDouglasaskedacolleague,CharlesCobb:Whattypeoffunctionwouldgeneratethisregularity?Togenerateconstantcapitalshare(α),weneedCapitalincome=(MPK×K)=αYLaborincome=(1-Capitalincome)=(MPL×L)=(1−α)YCobbsaysthattherequiredfunctionlookslikethis:F(K,L)=AKαL1−αHere,AisatechnologyparameterNotealsothatCobb-DouglasfunctionisConstantReturnstoScaleFoote(Ec1010b)ClassicalModelJanuary27,201329/67MacroeconomicsYuHuixinSchoolofEconomics&ManagementHEBUT15HowisIncomeDistributedtotheFactorsofProduction?MPLwithaCobb-DouglasProductionFunctionToverifythatfactorsharesareconstantinCobb-Douglas,wefirstfindMPL:F(K,L)=AKαL1−αdFMPL=dL=(1−α)AKαL−αFoote(Ec1010b)ClassicalModelJanuary27,201330/67MacroeconomicsYuHuixinSchoolofEconomics&ManagementHEBUT16HowisIncomeDistributedtotheFactorsofProduction?FactorshareswhenF(K,L)=AKαL1−αWhatisthe(MPL×L)foraCobb-Douglasfunction?MPL×L=dFdL×LMPL×LY=(1−α)AKαL−α×L=(1−α)AKαL−α+1=(1−α)AKαL1−α=(1−α)Y=(1−α)Itworks!Labor’sshareofoutputisaconstant(1−α).Capital’sshareisα.Foote(Ec1010b)ClassicalModelJanuary27,201331/67MacroeconomicsYuHuixinSchoolofEconomics&ManagementHEBUT17HowisIncomeDistributedtotheFactorsofProduction?ImplicationsofCobb-DouglasTotalPaymenttoL=MPL×L=(1−α)YTotalPaymenttoK=MPK×K=αYCapitalshareαisaparameteroftheproductionfunctionF(.)Itdoesnotdependon...AmountofKAmountofLLevelofAFoote(Ec1010b)ClassicalModelJanuary27,201332/67MacroeconomicsYuHuixinSchoolofEconomics&ManagementHEBUT18HowisIncomeDistributedtotheFactorsofProduction?OtherImplicationsofCobb-DouglasTotalPaymenttoL=MPL×L=(1−α)YTotalPaymenttoK=MPK×K=αYWP=MPL=(1−α)YLRP=MPK=αYKMPL=w/pWisproportionaltoaveragelaborproductivity(Y/L)Implication:PeriodsofhighaverageproductivitygrowtharetimesofhighrealwagegrowthFoote(Ec1010b)ClassicalModelJanuary27,201333/67MacroeconomicsYuHuixinSchoolofEconomics&ManagementHEBUT19HowisIncomeDistributedtotheFactorsofProduction?GrowthinLaborProductivityandWagesFoote(Ec1010b)ClassicalModelJanuary27,201334/67MacroeconomicsYuHuixinSchoolofEconomics&ManagementHEBUT20MacroeconomicsYuHuixinSchoolofEconomics&ManagementHEBUT211348年欧洲发生黑死病,人口在几年内减少了三分之一。人口数量的下降对劳动、资本和地租的收入有何影响?YersiniaPestisAfleaCaseStudy:TheBlackDeathandFactorPricesHowwouldtheBlackDeathaffectMPLandMPK?BlackDeath:Lfalls,butKstaysthesameFewerworkersmeansthateachremainingworkerismoreproductive:MPLrisesWemovetotheleftinthetwopreviousgraphsEachmachinebecomeslessproductive:MPKfallsToconfirmthisintuitionwithmath,wecanusetheMPLandMPKfromtheCobb-Douglasproductionfunction.Foote(Ec1010b)ClassicalModelJanuary27,201336/67MacroeconomicsYuHuixinSchoolofEconomics&ManagementHEBUT22=(1−α)AK1−αCaseStudy:TheBlackDeathandFacto

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