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1.直译与意译•翻译的方法，大体说来有两大类：直译（literaltranslation）与意译(freetranslation)。“既忠于原文的内容，忠于原文的形式”的翻译就是直译；只忠于原文的内容，不拘泥于原文的形式的翻译就是意译。在翻译时，能直译就直译，能意译就意译。E.g.1)Hisnovelisasmirrorofthetimes.他的小说是时代的一面镜子.(L)2)Thenewspaperclaimstobethemirrorofpublicopinions.该报宣称忠实反映了公众意见.(F)•3)Insomeautomatedplantselectroniccomputerscontroltheentireproductionline.在某些自动化工厂，电子计算机控制整个生产线。（L）•4)HitlerwasarmedtotheteethwhenhelaunchedtheSecondWorldWar,butinafewyears,hewascompletelydefeated.•希特勒在发动第二次世界大战时是武装到牙齿的，可是不过几年，就被彻底击败了。（L）•5)对外开放取得新进展。1990年共批准“三资”企业99家，全省“三资”企业已达284家。(L&F)•Newprogresshasbeenmadeintheprocessofopeningtotheoutsideworld.In1990,theprovinceapproved99“ThreeFormsofVentures”(Sino-foreignjointventures,cooperativeenterprisesandwhollyforeign-fundedenterprises),thetotalnumberofthe“ThreeFormsofVentures”reached284.(直译加注。“三资”企业若单纯直译为ThreeformsofVentures,译文读者会不知说云，如全意译，译文则太长显得累赘。)•6）在农村，特别是偏僻落后的农村，还残存着少数包办买卖婚姻的陋习。(L&F)•InChina’smoreremoteandbackwardruralareas,corruptpracticesexistintheformofforcedmarriages…(若译为arrangedorboughtandsoldmarriages,既冗长又难懂，未表达出这种婚姻的强迫性。)•7)Newtoncreatedaplanetarydynamicswhichwassosuccessfulthatformanyyearsscientistscomplainedthatnothingwaslefttobedone.•牛顿创立的天体力学是那么成功，以致许多年来科学家们抱怨没留下什么可以继续搞的。(L)•牛顿创立的天体力学真是天衣无缝，以致许多年来科学家们抱怨无空可补。(F)•注意：直译和意译并非势不两立，有时同一个句子用两种译法都可。E.g.•7）Onestonekillstwobirds.•----一石二鸟。•----一箭双雕。•----一举两得。课堂作业•1.lastnightIheardhimdrivinghispigstomarket.•2.ShewastornbetweenstayingathometowatchtheTVplayserialandgoingtothecinemawithhim.•3.Theproblemisstaringusintheface.•4.Pricesandwagesarefellow-travelersonthesameupwardescalator.•5.InthenationalwaragainstJapaneseaggression,allpatrioticChineseshouldspendorbespent.•6.A:Canyouhelpmecarrytheseboxesupstairs?•B:Willaduckswim?•1.昨夜我听见他鼾声如雷。•2.她既想呆在家里看电视连续剧，又想和他一起去看电影，一时觉得分身乏术。•3.问题明摆着，我们想回避都回避不了。•4.物价上涨，工资也总是跟着同步增长。•5.举国抗日，所有爱国的中华儿女都应贡献力量，有钱的出钱，有力的出力。•6.---你能帮我把箱子搬到楼上吗？•---没问题（没的说、咱俩谁跟谁啊）。•1.这个环保型工程是个“民心工程”。•Theenvironment-friendlyprojectisa“popularity-winning”project.•2.本公司顾客至上，质量卓越，效率快捷，取价公道。•Ourcompanyalwaysvaluesitscustomers’satisfactionintakingcareofeveryqualityrequirementandprovidingbestspeedingservicesinreasonableprices.•3.会议开的冷冷清清，有时甚至开不下去了。•Themeetingsweremarkedbysuchabsenceoflivelydiscussionsthatattimestheywerealmostonthepointofbreakingup.2.词义的选择一词多义、一词多类的现象在英汉语中较普遍，词义往往随着词类的改变而改变。英译汉时，词义的确定要根据该词在句中的词类，有时还要联系上下文。(多类词)•1）Helikesbasketballmorethanfootball.(v.)•2）Likeknowslike.(n.)英雄识英雄.•3）Likechargesrepel;unlikechargesattract.(adj.)相同的电荷相斥，不同的电荷相吸.汉译英时，要根据上下文正确理解原文的词义，包括词的广义与狭义、词义的褒贬等，还要注意词的搭配。多义词1)这台机器坏了。Thismachinehasgonewrong/goneoutoforder.2)玻璃杯坏了。•Theglassisbroken.3)他的胃口坏了。•Hehaslosthisappetite.•4)鸡蛋坏了。•Theegghasgonebad.•5)这座水坝被山洪冲坏了。•Thedamhasbeendestroyedbymountaintorrents.•6)农业是国民经济的基础。•Agricultureisthefoundationofthenationaleconomy.(“农业”广义，指一切农业经济，包括农业、畜牧业、林业、渔业。)•7）农林牧副渔相结合的方针•theprincipleofcombiningfarming,forestry,animalhusbandry,side-occupationsandfishery(“农”指耕作的农业)•“吃闲饭”—leadanidlelife•“吃香”–beverypopular•“吃得开”---beafavorite;bemuchsoughtafter•“吃不准”---benotsure/nottobesure•“吃不了兜着走”---beunabletobare;•landone’sinserioustrouble•“吃硬不吃软”---yieldingtoforcebutrejectingsortapproach•“吃透”---haveathoroughgrasp•“吃不消”---morethanonecanstand,toomuch•abrokenman潦倒的人•abrokensoldier;残废•abrokentime零星时间;•abrokencup;abrokenhome;•abrokenroad起伏不平的路;•abrokenEnglish说的不流利的英语;•abrokensleep;时睡时醒•abrokenrecordofagreement陈词滥调•*man()•Manandhiswife丈夫和妻子•Officersandmen官和兵•HismanFriday他的仆人星期五•Man-andwar战舰•Beaman!要像个男子汉!•*sophisticated•sophisticatedman老于世故的人•sophisticatedwoman狡黠的女人•sophisticatedcolumnist老练的专栏作家•sophisticatedelectronicdevice高度精密的电子装置•sophisticatedweapon尖端武器•Tiptop(脚趾)•Shetiptoptheroomsoasnottowakethebaby.•Heisamanoftiptopcaution.•Thefansareallonthetiptopoftheirexpectationofthearrivaloftheiridol.•IwasreallyonthetiptopofexcitementwhenIgottoknowthatthatuniversityenrolledme.•Thechildrenwereontiptopforvocationtobegin.•为了不把婴儿吵醒,她蹑手蹑脚地走出了房间•他是个做事战战兢兢的男人.•粉丝们翘首盼望他们偶像的到来.•当我得知我被那所大学录取的时候,我万分激动.•孩子们急切盼望假期开始.课堂练习1.Ichallengemyownconclusion.2.Thesituationisundergreaterandgreaterchallenge.3.Recentdiscoverieshavechallengedtheiroldnotions.4.Noneofthemchallengedthevalidityofthoseresolutions.5.Canheproduceevidenceinprooftochallengethefact?6.Thechallengetodayisnotmerelytoimprovethematerialstandardsofliving.7.Sheisfinanciallychallengedatthemoment.•1.我得重新考虑我得结论。•2.形势正处于越来越难以应付局面。•3.最近的新发现是他们对旧的想法产生了怀疑。•4.他们中没有一个人对那些决议的有效性提出疑义。•5.他能拿出证据来否认这一事实吗？•6.当今人们的要求不仅仅在于提高物质生活的水平。•7.她眼下身无分文。汉译英•二十岁的时候，有书店必逛，有书必买。三十岁之后，对书店视而不见，直接去了隔壁的美容院(parlor)。•a/Attheageoftwenty,IfrequentedthebookstoresandboughtwhateverIfound.Afterthirty,Iignoredthemandwentaheadintothenearbybeautyparlor.•b/Attheageoftwenty,thebookstorewasamustforme,andIwasabigbookbuyer.Whileafterthirty,payingnoattentiontothebookstore,Ibreezeintothebeautyparlornextdoor.•我对我的新伙伴很好奇，我决定看看他•1.BecauseIamcuriousaboutmynewpartner,Iamdeterminedtodropbyhim.•2.Iamcuriousaboutmynewpartner,therefore,Iamdeterminedtodropbyhim.•3.Withmycuriosityaboutmypartner,Iamdeterminedtodropbyhim.•(2)Shakespeareputhishometownonthemap.•直译：莎士比亚把他的家乡放在了地图上。•意译：莎士比亚使他的家乡声名