曼昆《经济学原理》1 ten_principles--(汉魅HanMei―经济金融类汇总分享)

PowerPoint®LecturePresentationtoaccompanyPrinciplesofEconomics,ThirdEditionN.GregoryMankiwPreparedbyMarkP.Karscig,CentralMissouriStateUniversity.1INTRODUCTIONCopyright©2004South-Western/ThomsonLearning1TenPrinciplesofEconomicsCopyright©2004South-Western/ThomsonLearningEconomy......ThewordeconomycomesfromaGreekwordfor“onewhomanagesahousehold.”Copyright©2004South-Western/ThomsonLearningTENPRINCIPLESOFECONOMICS•Ahouseholdandaneconomyfacemanydecisions:•Whowillwork?•Whatgoodsandhowmanyofthemshouldbeproduced?•Whatresourcesshouldbeusedinproduction?•Atwhatpriceshouldthegoodsbesold?Copyright©2004South-Western/ThomsonLearningTENPRINCIPLESOFECONOMICSSocietyandScarceResources:•Themanagementofsociety’sresourcesisimportantbecauseresourcesarescarce.•Scarcity...meansthatsocietyhaslimitedresourcesandthereforecannotproduceallthegoodsandservicespeoplewishtohave.Copyright©2004South-Western/ThomsonLearningTENPRINCIPLESOFECONOMICSEconomicsisthestudyofhowsocietymanagesitsscarceresources.Copyright©2004South-Western/ThomsonLearningTENPRINCIPLESOFECONOMICS•Howpeoplemakedecisions.•Peoplefacetradeoffs.•Thecostofsomethingiswhatyougiveuptogetit.•Rationalpeoplethinkatthemargin.•Peoplerespondtoincentives.Copyright©2004South-Western/ThomsonLearningTENPRINCIPLESOFECONOMICS•Howpeopleinteractwitheachother.•Tradecanmakeeveryonebetteroff.•Marketsareusuallyagoodwaytoorganizeeconomicactivity.•Governmentscansometimesimproveeconomicoutcomes.Copyright©2004South-Western/ThomsonLearningTENPRINCIPLESOFECONOMICS•Theforcesandtrendsthataffecthowtheeconomyasawholeworks.•Thestandardoflivingdependsonacountry’sproduction.•Pricesrisewhenthegovernmentprintstoomuchmoney.•Societyfacesashort-runtradeoffbetweeninflationandunemployment.Copyright©2004South-Western/ThomsonLearningPrinciple#1:PeopleFaceTradeoffs.“Thereisnosuchthingasafreelunch!”Copyright©2004South-Western/ThomsonLearningMakingdecisionsrequirestradingoffonegoalagainstanother.Principle#1:PeopleFaceTradeoffs.Togetonething,weusuallyhavetogiveupanotherthing.•Gunsv.butter•Foodv.clothing•Leisuretimev.work•Efficiencyv.equityCopyright©2004South-Western/ThomsonLearningPrinciple#1:PeopleFaceTradeoffs•Efficiencyv.Equity•Efficiencymeanssocietygetsthemostthatitcanfromitsscarceresources.•Equitymeansthebenefitsofthoseresourcesaredistributedfairlyamongthemembersofsociety.Copyright©2004South-Western/ThomsonLearningPrinciple#2:TheCostofSomethingIsWhatYouGiveUptoGetIt.•Decisionsrequirecomparingcostsandbenefitsofalternatives.•Whethertogotocollegeortowork?•Whethertostudyorgooutonadate?•Whethertogotoclassorsleepin?•Theopportunitycostofanitemiswhatyougiveuptoobtainthatitem.Copyright©2004South-Western/ThomsonLearningPrinciple#2:TheCostofSomethingIsWhatYouGiveUptoGetIt.LALakerbasketballstarKobeBryantchosetoskipcollegeandgostraightfromhighschooltotheproswherehehasearnedmillionsofdollars.Copyright©2004South-Western/ThomsonLearningPeoplemakedecisionsbycomparingcostsandbenefitsatthemargin.Principle#3:RationalPeopleThinkattheMargin.•Marginalchangesaresmall,incrementaladjustmentstoanexistingplanofaction.Copyright©2004South-Western/ThomsonLearningPrinciple#4:PeopleRespondtoIncentives.•Marginalchangesincostsorbenefitsmotivatepeopletorespond.•Thedecisiontochooseonealternativeoveranotheroccurswhenthatalternative’smarginalbenefitsexceeditsmarginalcosts!Copyright©2004South-Western/ThomsonLearningPrinciple#5:TradeCanMakeEveryoneBetterOff.•Peoplegainfromtheirabilitytotradewithoneanother.•Competitionresultsingainsfromtrading.•Tradeallowspeopletospecializeinwhattheydobest.Copyright©2004South-Western/ThomsonLearningPrinciple#6:MarketsAreUsuallyaGoodWaytoOrganizeEconomicActivity.•Amarketeconomyisaneconomythatallocatesresourcesthroughthedecentralizeddecisionsofmanyfirmsandhouseholdsastheyinteractinmarketsforgoodsandservices.•Householdsdecidewhattobuyandwhotoworkfor.•Firmsdecidewhotohireandwhattoproduce.Copyright©2004South-Western/ThomsonLearningPrinciple#6:MarketsAreUsuallyaGoodWaytoOrganizeEconomicActivity.•AdamSmithmadetheobservationthathouseholdsandfirmsinteractinginmarketsactasifguidedbyan“invisiblehand.”•Becausehouseholdsandfirmslookatpriceswhendecidingwhattobuyandsell,theyunknowinglytakeintoaccountthesocialcostsoftheiractions.•Asaresult,pricesguidedecisionmakerstoreachoutcomesthattendtomaximizethewelfareofsocietyasawhole.Copyright©2004South-Western/ThomsonLearningPrinciple#7:GovernmentsCanSometimesImproveMarketOutcomes.•Marketfailureoccurswhenthemarketfailstoallocateresourcesefficiently.•Whenthemarketfails(breaksdown)governmentcanintervenetopromoteefficiencyandequity.Copyright©2004South-Western/ThomsonLearningPrinciple#7:GovernmentsCanSometimesImproveMarketOutcomes.•Marketfailuremaybecausedby•anexternality,whichistheimpactofonepersonorfirm’sactionsonthewell-beingofabystander.•marketpower,whichistheabilityofasinglepersonorfirmtoundulyinfluencemarketprices.Copyright©2004South-Western/ThomsonLearningPrinciple#8:TheStandardofLivingDependsonaCountry’sProduction.•Standardoflivingmaybemeasuredindifferentways:•Bycomparingpersonalincomes.•Bycomparin