曼昆《经济学原理》applications_intl_trade--(汉魅HanMei―经济金融类汇

Copyright©2004South-Western9Application:InternationalTradeCopyright©2004South-Western/ThomsonLearning•Whatdetermineswhetheracountryimportsorexportsagood?Copyright©2004South-Western/ThomsonLearning•Whogainsandwholosesfromfreetradeamongcountries?Copyright©2004South-Western/ThomsonLearning•Whataretheargumentsthatpeopleusetoadvocatetraderestrictions?Copyright©2004South-Western/ThomsonLearningTHEDETERMINANTSOFTRADE•EquilibriumWithoutTrade•Assume:•Acountryisisolatedfromrestoftheworldandproducessteel.•Themarketforsteelconsistsofthebuyersandsellersinthecountry.•Nooneinthecountryisallowedtoimportorexportsteel.Figure1TheEquilibriumwithoutInternationalTradeCopyright©2004South-WesternConsumersurplusProducersurplusPriceofSteel0QuantityofSteelDomesticsupplyDomesticdemandEquilibriumpriceEquilibriumquantityCopyright©2004South-Western/ThomsonLearningTheEquilibriumWithoutInternationalTrade•EquilibriumWithoutTrade•Results:•Domesticpriceadjuststobalancedemandandsupply.•Thesumofconsumerandproducersurplusmeasuresthetotalbenefitsthatbuyersandsellersreceive.Copyright©2004South-Western/ThomsonLearningTheWorldPriceandComparativeAdvantage•Ifthecountrydecidestoengageininternationaltrade,willitbeanimporterorexporterofsteel?Copyright©2004South-Western/ThomsonLearningTheWorldPriceandComparativeAdvantage•Theeffectsoffreetradecanbeshownbycomparingthedomesticpriceofagoodwithouttradeandtheworldpriceofthegood.Theworldpricereferstothepricethatprevailsintheworldmarketforthatgood.Copyright©2004South-Western/ThomsonLearningTheWorldPriceandComparativeAdvantage•Ifacountryhasacomparativeadvantage,thenthedomesticpricewillbebelowtheworldprice,andthecountrywillbeanexporterofthegood.Copyright©2004South-Western/ThomsonLearningTheWorldPriceandComparativeAdvantage•Ifthecountrydoesnothaveacomparativeadvantage,thenthedomesticpricewillbehigherthantheworldprice,andthecountrywillbeanimporterofthegood.Figure2InternationalTradeinanExportingCountryCopyright©2004South-WesternPriceofSteel0QuantityofSteelDomesticsupplyPriceaftertradeWorldpriceDomesticdemandExportsPricebeforetradeDomesticquantitydemandedDomesticquantitysuppliedFigure3HowFreeTradeAffectsWelfareinanExportingCountryCopyright©2004South-WesternDCBAPriceofSteel0QuantityofSteelDomesticsupplyPriceaftertradeWorldpriceDomesticdemandExportsPricebeforetradeFigure3HowFreeTradeAffectsWelfareinanExportingCountryCopyright©2004South-WesternDCBAPriceofSteel0QuantityofSteelDomesticsupplyPriceaftertradeWorldpriceDomesticdemandExportsPricebeforetradeProducersurplusbeforetradeConsumersurplusbeforetradeCopyright©2004South-Western/ThomsonLearningHowFreeTradeAffectsWelfareinanExportingCountryCopyright©2004South-Western/ThomsonLearningTHEWINNERSANDLOSERSFROMTRADE•Theanalysisofanexportingcountryyieldstwoconclusions:•Domesticproducersofthegoodarebetteroff,anddomesticconsumersofthegoodareworseoff.•Traderaisestheeconomicwell-beingofthenationasawhole.Copyright©2004South-Western/ThomsonLearningTheGainsandLossesofanImportingCountry•InternationalTradeinanImportingCountry•Iftheworldpriceofsteelislowerthanthedomesticprice,thecountrywillbeanimporterofsteelwhentradeispermitted.•Domesticconsumerswillwanttobuysteelatthelowerworldprice.•Domesticproducersofsteelwillhavetolowertheiroutputbecausethedomesticpricemovestotheworldprice.Figure4InternationalTradeinanImportingCountryCopyright©2004South-WesternPriceofSteel0QuantityPriceaftertradeWorldpriceofSteelDomesticsupplyDomesticdemandImportsDomesticquantitysuppliedDomesticquantitydemandedPricebeforetradeFigure5HowFreeTradeAffectsWelfareinanImportingCountryCopyright©2004South-WesternCBDAPriceofSteel0QuantityofSteelDomesticsupplyDomesticdemandPriceaftertradeWorldpriceImportsPricebeforetradeFigure5HowFreeTradeAffectsWelfareinanImportingCountryCopyright©2004South-WesternCBAPriceofSteel0QuantityofSteelDomesticsupplyDomesticdemandPriceaftertradeWorldpricePricebeforetradeConsumersurplusbeforetradeProducersurplusbeforetradeFigure5HowFreeTradeAffectsWelfareinanImportingCountryCopyright©2004South-WesternCBDAPriceofSteel0QuantityofSteelDomesticsupplyDomesticdemandPriceaftertradeWorldpriceImportsPricebeforetradeProducersurplusaftertradeConsumersurplusaftertradeCopyright©2004South-Western/ThomsonLearningHowFreeTradeAffectsWelfareinanImportingCountryCopyright©2004South-Western/ThomsonLearningTHEWINNERSANDLOSERSFROMTRADE•HowFreeTradeAffectsWelfareinanImportingCountry•Theanalysisofanimportingcountryyieldstwoconclusions:•Domesticproducersofthegoodareworseoff,anddomesticconsumersofthegoodarebetteroff.•Traderaisestheeconomicwell-beingofthenationasawholebecausethegainsofconsumersexceedthelossesofproducers.Copyright©2004South-Western/ThomsonLearningTHEWINNERSANDLOSERSFROMTRADE•Thegainsofthewinnersexceedthelossesofthelosers.•Thenetchangeintotalsurplusispositive.Copyright©2004South-Western/ThomsonLearningTheEffectsofaTariff•Atariffisataxongoodsproducedabroadandsolddomestically.•Tariffsraisethepriceofimportedgoodsabovetheworldpricebytheamountofthetariff.Figure6TheEffectsofaTariffCopyright©2004South-WesternPriceofSteel0Q