对明代中葡关系研究中几个问题的考察

59··6020056122[1]··[2][3]······[4][1][2][3][4]61[1]·[2]·[3]···[4][1][2][3][4]6220056122··[1]·[2]··[3][4][5][1][2]··[3][4][5]63[1]··[2]···[3][4][1][2][3][4]·6420056122[1][2]·[1][2]65[1][2][3][4]········[5]··[6]······[1][2][3][4][5][6]6620056122···[1]···············[1]67[1][2][3][1][2]·[3]6820056122[1]·[2][3][1][2][3]···69[1][2][3][4][1][2][3][4]7020056122··[1]····[2]····[3][4][1]····[2][3][4]71[1][2][3][1][2]·[3]7220056122[1][2][3][4][5][1][2][3][4][5]73[1][2][3]·[4][5][1][2][3][4][5]7420056122··158TheInvestigationofSeveralIssuesRelatedtotheStudyofSino-PortugueseRelationsintheMingDynastyHuangQinghuaAbstract:IsthenameChinaaforeignism,orisitultimatelyderivedfromaChineseterm?Whatdiditfactsignify,andwhatisitsrelationshipwiththetermCathay?ThesequestionshavelongattractedtheattentionofSinologists,andasimilarconfusionbetweenChinaandCathaycanalsobeobservedamongthepioneeringgenerationofearlyWesternexplorersandtheiroverlords.Someoverseasscholarsstressthatinthefirstdecadeofthe16thcenturywhenthePortuguesecametoMacau,theyconfusedtheplaceHaojingwithOquem(Fuzhou)andsubsequentlymisledsomeSinologists.MingandQingdynastydocumentsspeakofa“Weliduo”.ButitisnotknownwhetherthisisthepersonalnameofaPortugueseleader(Vereador)orthetitleofhisposition(Procurador)?TheauthoralsodiscussestheidentityofaPortugueseambassadorreferredtoinMingShias“Yanuoligui”,andalsowhatpreciouslytheterm“Falangji”connoted–Portugal,thePortuguese,EuropeansorevenatypeofWesterncannon?TheauthoralsoshowsthatMingShioftenconfoundedthenamesofPortuguesevesselsandofficialtitleswithpersonalnames.SettingouttorectifytheseerrorsintheinterpretationofChinesewrittenhistoricalaccounts,theauthortacklestheessentialjobofestablishingthetruesignificationofmanyofthesetermswhichhavelongperplexedresearchers.Keywords:Macau;Portugal;MingShi.TemplesandShrinesinMing-QingTraditionalCitiesLiuFengyunAbstract:Temples,monasteriesandshrineswereimportantbuildingsintraditionalMing-Qingcitiesandtheirregularityexpressedofficialconceptsregardingwheretheywerelocatedandtheformtheytook.Moreovertheirnumberandthevastpantheonstheyencompassedreflectedthevastdiversityofpopularbeliefs.Aninnatetraditionalculturalcharacteristicwasthatthelayoutoftemplesemulatedthatofhighofficials’residences,whilethedeitiesworshippedatshrinestendedtobeBuddhistandTaoist.Temple-monasterycomplexeswerealsothevenuesoftemplefairsortemplemarkets,andthesebecamethemostpublicsocialspacesforallclassesofsocietyinancientChinesecities.Thisexplainsthemajorsocialunderpinningsoftheseinstitutions.ThearticleChineseappearsfrompage59to74.ThearticleChineseappearsfrompage75to91.