Paragraph Development by Cause and Effect (因果关系发展段

GeneralWritingPracticalWritingParagraphdevelopmentbycauseandeffectisthebasisoflogicalreasoning,awidelyuseddeviceinboththegeneralandappliedwriting.Itisbelievedthateveryeffectshouldhaveacauseeitherimmediateorremote.Soweneedtoacquirethisskilltodevelopourwritingability.ParagraphDevelopmentbyCauseandEffectAlthoughfearofmathisnotapurelyfemalephenomenon,girlstendtodropoutofmathsoonerthanboys.Whythedifferencesinperformance?Onereasonistheamountofmathlearnedandusedatplay.Anothermaybethedifferenceinmale-femalematuration.Ifgirlsdobetterthanboysatallelementaryschooltasks,thentheymaycomputebetterfornootherreasonthanthatarithmeticispartoftheelementarycurriculum.Asboysandgirlsgrowolder,girlsbecome,underpressureofthesex-roleassignedbythesociety,academicallylesscompetitive.SampleExercisesExercise18Exercise19Ex.18Readthegivenparagraphandidentifythecausesandeffectsthatleadtothepoorperformanceontests.Manyofmystudentshavedifficultytakingtests.Forsome,thetestsituationcausesgreatstressandtension.Themindsofthesestudents“goblank”whentheyreceivethetestpaper.Othersdonotknowhowtostudyand,thuscometothetestill-preparedtoanswerthequestions.Somestudentsstudycorrectlybutdonotfollowdirectionsonthetest.Theyusuallydonotfinishtheexam.Thesearesomeofthefactorsthatcontributetothepoorperformanceofcertainstudentsontests.·Thefirstgroupofstudents’problemontests:Cause:_______________________________________________Effect:_______________________________________________·Thesecondgroupofstudents’problemontests:Cause:_______________________________________________Effect:_______________________________________________·Thethirdgroupsofstudents’problemontests:Cause:_______________________________________________Effect:___________________________________________Key·Thefirstgroupofstudents’problemontests:Cause:Stressandtensionfromthetestsituation.Effect:Theirminds“goblank”.·Thesecondgroupofstudents’problemontests:Cause:Notknowinghowtostudy.Effect:Theyareill-preparedtoanswerthequestions.·Thethirdgroupsofstudents’problemontests:Cause:Notfollowingthedirectionsonthetest.Effect:Theydonotfinishtheexam.Ex.19Writeaparagraphononeofthefollowingtopics,usingcauseandeffecttosupportthetopic.1.TakeactionnowtoprotectourEarthbeforeitistoolate.2.Moreandmorepeopleareoverweight.ReferenceWehavebeentoocarelessinthepursuitofdevelopmentatthecostofourenvironment.Forestshavebeenclearedforfarmingandotherpurposes,whichhasenableddesertstospreadatanalmostuncontrollablerate.Automobilesandfactorieskeepsendingpoisonoussubstancesintotheair,whichinturnwillcomebacktothreatenourhealth.Facingtheworseningsituationofourpollutedrivers,wecan’thelpbutwonderingwherewecanfindourdrinkingwaterinthefuture.WehaveonlyoneEarth,andwecannotaffordtoloseit.Apublicwarningmessagecanbeissusedeitherbyanorganizationorbyanindividual.Asthepurposeofsuchamessageisforthepublictobealerttoadanger,convincingfactsorinformationarestated.PublicWarningMessageEffectsofHeroinHeroinisproducedfromopiumandisperhapsthemostdangerousofnarcoticdrugsthatyoucanfindonthestreetstoday.DangersandEffects:Becausemostheroinabusersinjectthedrugandoftenshareneedles,theytakemassiveriskforHIVinfection,anincurablediseasewhichcankill.Bloodpressure,pulse,breathing,andtemperatureallelevate.Ifusersoverdoseonheroin,itreducesthenumberofmessagesthebrainsendstothechestmuscles.Thebreathingslows,and,ifthedoseishighenough,stops.(Tobecontinuedonnextpage.)SampleCommonStreetNames:Whitegirl,horse,blacktar,brownsugar,smack,goods,H,junk.LegalStatus:Itisillegaltogrow,process,selloruseheroin.ExercisesSampleEx.20UsethegivendatabelowtowriteapublicwarningmessageontheeffectsofEcstasy.YoucanmodelyourwritingontheonegivenaboveaboutEffectsofHeroine.ReferenceProperties:asyntheticdrugthatdamagesbraincellsDangersandeffects:braindamage,elevatingtheheartrateandbloodpressure,heartstroke,leadingtoblurredvision,faintness,chills,sweating,andmuscletensionCommonstreetnames:Wonderdrug,XTC.Legalstatus:illegaltomanufacture,selloruseEffectsofEcstasyEcstasy(MDMA)isasyntheticdrugthatdamagesbraincells.Onthestreet,Ecstasyissometimescalled“thewonderdrug”,butresearcherslabelitasakiller.DangersandEffects:Braindamageisonlyonepotentialproblem.Ecstasyhasalonglistofknownandsuspectednegativeeffectsonabusers.Itpumpsuptheheartrateandbloodpressure,sousersmaybecomehyperactiveandendupwithheartstroke.Itcanproduceblurredvision,faintness,chills,sweating,andmuscletensionduetosucheffectsaspanic,anxiety,depression,andparanoidthinking.(Tobecontinuedonnextpage.)YoungsterswhotakeEcstasytakeanimmensehealthrisk.CommonStreetNames:Wonderdrug,XTC.LegalStatus:Itisillegaltomanufacture,sellorusethisdrug.TheEnd