环境工程英文文献附带带翻译

EnvironmentalproblemscausedbyIstanbulsubwayexcavationandsuggestionsforremediationIbrahimOcakAbstract:Manyenvironmentalproblemscausedbysubwayexcavationshaveinevitablybecomeanimportantpointincitylife.Theseproblemscanbecategorizedastransportingandstockingofexcavatedmaterial,trafficjams,noise,vibrations,pilesofdustmudandlackofsupplies.Althoughtheseproblemscausemanydifficulties,themostpressingforabigcitylikeIstanbulisexcavation,sinceotherlisteddifficultiesresultfromit.Moreover,theseproblemsareenvironmentallyandregionallyrestrictedtotheperiodoverwhichconstructionprojectsareunderwayanddisappearwhenconstructionisfinished.Currently,inIstanbul,thereareninesubwayconstructionprojectsinoperation,coveringapproximately73kminlength;over200kmtobeconstructedinthenearfuture.Theamountofmaterialexcavatedfromongoingconstructionprojectscoversapproximately12millionm3.Inthisstudy,problems—primarily,theproblemwithexcavationwaste(EW)—causedbysubwayexcavationareanalyzedandsuggestionsforremediationareoffered.Keywords:EnvironmentalproblemsSubwayexcavationWastemanagementIntroductionNowadays,citiesarespreadingoverlargerareaswithincreasingdemandonextendingtransportfacilities.Thus,allovertheworld,especiallyincitieswherethepopulationexceeds300,000–400,000people,railway-basedmeansoftransportationisbeingacceptedastheultimatesolution.Therefore,largeinvestmentsinsubwayandlightrailconstructionarerequired.Theconstructionofstatedsystemsrequiressurfaceexcavations,cutandcovertunnelexcavations,boredtunnelexcavations,redirectionofinfrastructuresandtunnelconstructionprojects.Theseelementsdisturbtheenvironmentandaffecteverydaylifeofcitizensintermsofrunningwater,naturalgas,sewersystemsandtelephonelines.Onereasonwhymetroexcavationsaffecttheenvironmentisthehugeamountofexcavatedmaterialproduced.Moreover,alargeamountofthisexcavatedmaterialiscomposedofmuddyandbentonitematerial.Storingexcavatedmaterialthenbecomescrucial.Aconsiderableamountofpressurehasbeenplacedonofficialstostoreandrecycleanykindofexcavatedmaterial.Wastemanagementhasbecomeabranchofstudybyitself.Manystudieshavebeencarriedoutonthedestruction,recyclingandstoringofsolid,(Vlachos1975;Huangetal.2001;Winkler2005;Huangetal.2006;Khanetal.1987;BoadiandKuitunen2003;StaudtandSchroll1999;Wang2001;OkudaandThomson2007;YangandInnes2007),organic(Edwardsetal.1998,Jackson2006;Debraetal.1991;AkhtarandMahmood1996;Bruunetal.2006;Minhetal.2006),plastic(Idrisetal.2004;KaraniandStanJewasikiewitz2007;Alietal.2004;Nishinoetal.2003;Vasileetal.2006;Katoetal.2003;Kasakuraetal.1999;Hayashietal.2000),toxic(Rodgersetal.1996;BellandWilson1988;Chenetal.1997;SullivanandYelton1988),oily(Ahumadaetal.2004;Al-MasriandSuman2003),farming(Garnieretal.1998;Mohanty2001)andradioactivematerials(RoccoandZucchetti1997;Walkeretal.2001;Adamovetal.1992;Krinitsynetal.2003).Today,traditionalmaterials,includingsand,stone,gravel,cement,brickandtilesarebeingusedasmajorbuildingcomponentsintheconstructionsector.Allofthesematerialshavebeenproducedfromexistingnaturalresourcesandmayhaveintrinsicdistinctionsthatdamagetheenvironmentduetotheircontinuousexploitation.Inaddition,thecostofconstructionmaterialsisincrementallyincreasing.InTurkey,thepricesofconstructionmaterialshaveincreasedoverthelastfewyears.Therefore,itisveryimportanttouseexcavationanddemolitionwastes(DW)inconstructionoperationstolimittheenvironmentalimpactandexcessiveincreaseofrawmaterialprices.Recyclingratiosforexcavationwaste(EW)andDWofsomecountriesareinshownTable1(HendriksandPietersen2000).TherecyclingratioforTurkeyis10%.Everyyear,14milliontonsofwastematerialsaregeneratedinIstanbul.Thesewastematerialsconsistof7.6milliontonsEW,1.6milliontonsorganicmaterialsand2.7milliontonsDW(IMM2007).Approximately,3.7milliontonsofmunicipalwastesareproducedinIstanbuleveryyear.However,therecyclingrateisapproximatelyequaltoonly7%.Thisratewillincreaseto27%,whentheconstructionoftheplantiscompleted.Medicalwastesareanotherproblem,withover9,000tonsdumpedeveryyear.Medicalwastesaredisposedbyburning.DistributionsofmunicipalwastesaregiveninFig.1CountryConcentrationofCWintotalwaste(in%)CWandDWrecycled(in%)Denmark25-5080Netherlands2675Japan3665Australia4451Germany1950Finland1440UnitedKingdomover5040USA2925France2525Spain7017Italy3010Brazil158Norway307Table1Comparisonofafewcountries’constructionwasteconcentrationFig.1CurrentstatusofmunicipalwastedistributioninIstanbulInthisstudy,environmentalproblemsinIstanbul,suchasEWresultingfromtunnellingoperations,DWresultingfrombuildingdemolitionandhomewastes,areevaluated.ResourcesofEW,materialpropertiesandalternativesofpossibleusagearealsoevaluated.RailwaysystemstudiesThreepreliminarystudiesconcerningtransportationinIstanbulwereconductedin1985,1987and1997.Afourthstudyiscurrentlybeingconducted.TheIstanbulTransportationMainPlanstatesthatrailwaysystemsmustconstitutethemainfacetofIstanbul’stransportationnet-work(IMM2005).Inadditiontoexistinglines,withinthescopeoftheMarmarayProject,36kmofmetro,96kmoflightrail,and7kmoftram,withatotalof205kmofnewrailwaylines,mustbeconstructed.Consequently,thetot