Functionalgrammar----Threemetafunctions1.Functionalgrammar2.TheIdeationalFunction3.TheInterpersonalFunction4.TheTextualFunction1.FunctionalgrammarBasicviewpoints:•Languageistheproductofsocialactivities.Languageiswhatitisbecauseithastoservecertainsocialfunctions.Socialdemandsonlanguagehashelpedtoshapeitsstructure.•Hallidaydefinesafunctionalgrammarasessentiallya'natural'grammar,inthesensethateverythinginitcanbeexplained•Heexploreslanguageintermsoftherelationsbetweenlanguageandsocialneeds,socialstructure,andsocio-culturalbackground.1.Functionalgrammar•Hallidayviewslanguagedevelopmentinchildrenasthemasteryoflinguisticfunction,andlearningalanguageislearninghowtomean•“语言功能的掌握”、“学习语言就是学习如何表达”1.Functionalgrammar•Sevenfunctionsinchildren'smodeloflanguage:•Theinstrumentalfunction(工具):tomeethismaterialneeds,goodsandservices;•Theregulatoryfunction(控制):tocontrolothers’behavior;•Theinteractionalfunction(互动):totalkwithothers•Thepersonalfunction(个人):toexpresshisfeelings•Theheuristicfunction(启发):toknowabouthisownsurroundings•Theimaginativefunction(想象):tocreatesurroundings•Theinformativefunction(告知):toprovideinformationforothers1.Functionalgrammar•Theadult’slanguagehastoservemanyfunctions,senvenfunctionsofchildren‘slanguagearegraduallyreducedtoasetofhighlycodedandabstractfunctions,whicharemeta-functions(纯理功能):•Ideationalfunction(概念功能)Interpersonalfunction(人际功能)Textualfunction.(语篇功能)2.TheIdeationalFunction•Theideationalfunction(experimentalandlogical)istoconveynewinformationunknowntothehearer.•Itisameaningpotential(意义潜势),usedinalllanguages.Itistorefertocategoriesofexperienceoftheworld.2.TheIdeationalFunction•Theideationalfunctionmainlyconsistsoftransitivity(及物性)andvoice(语态).2.TheIdeationalFunction•Transitivityisthegrammaroftheclauseinitsideationalaspect.•Itconsistsof6differentprocesses:material,mental,relational,behavioral,verbalandexistential.2.1.Materialprocesses(物质过程)•Materialprocessesarethoseinwhichsomethingisdone.(表示做某件事的过程)①Process:anactionverb②Actor(logicalsubject):动作者③Goal(logicaldirectobject):目标2.1.Materialprocesses(物质过程)eg.Mybrotherbrokethevase.ActorProcessGoal2.2.Mentalprocesses(心理过程)•Mentalprocessesexpresssuchmentalphenomenaasperception感知,reaction反应andcognition认知.①Sensor:感觉者②Phenomenon:被感知的现象2.2.Mentalprocesses(心理过程)eg.perception感知Johnsawthemurderer.sensorprocessphenomenoneg.reaction反应Mysisterlikestheskirt.sensorprocessphenomenoneg.cognition认知Iknowthatshewasabsent.sensorprocessphenomenon2.3.Relationalprocesses(关系过程)•Relationalprocessescanbeclassfiedintotwotypes:I.Attributive(归属):某个实体具有何种属性II.Identifying(识别):一个实体与另一个实体是统一的2.3.Relationalprocesses(关系过程)eg.Attributive(归属)Thefilmlastedtwohours.carrier载体process过程attribute属性eg.Identifying(识别)Johnisourmonitor.identified被识别者processidentifier识别者token标记value价值2.4.Behavioralprocesses(行为过程)•Behavioralprocessesrefertophysiologicalandpsychologicalbehavioursuchasbreathing,coughing,smiling,laughing,crying.•一般只有一个参加者,一般为人。2.4.Behavioralprocesses(行为过程)eg.Theoldmansighedforthedaysofhisyouth.behaver行为者2.5.Verbalprocesses(言语过程)•Verbalprocessesarethoseofexchanginginformation.(say,tell,talk,etc.)①sayer:讲话者②receiver:受话者③verbiage:讲话内容2.5.Verbalprocesses(言语过程)eg.Mywatchsaysitisnine-thirty.sayerverbiage2.6.Existentialprocesses(存在过程)•Existentialprocessesrepresentthatsomethingexistsorhappens.(be,exist,etc.)eg.Thereisanewofficebuilding.existent存在物2.7.summary•Processtype(过程类型)categorymeaning(意义)participants(参加者)•Material:doingActor,Goal•Actiondoing•Eventhappening•BehavioralbehavingBehaver•Mental:sensingSensor,Phenomenon•Perceptionseeing•Affectionfeeling•Cognitionthinking•VerbalsayingSayer,Target•Relational:being•Attributionattributingcarrier,Attribute•IdentificationidentifyingIdentified,identifier•ExistentialexistingExistent•3.TheInterpersonalFunction(人际功能)•Theinterpersonalmeta-functionembodiesallusesoflanguagetoexpresssocialandpersonalrelations.•Itisaboutthesocialworld,especiallytherelationshipbetweenspeakerandhearer,andisconcernedwithclausesasexchanges.•Intheinterpersonalmeta-functionsubject主语mood(语气)finiteelement限定成分Aclausemodality(情态)3.1Mood(语气)•Moodprovidesuswiththespeechfunctions,suchaspersuading,enticing(诱骗),requesting,ordering,suggesting,asserting,insisting,doubting,andsoon.•Subject:noun,nounphrase,shortsentence,etc.•Finiteelementisanumberofverbaloperators(动词运算符)expressingtense(has,is)ormodality(must,can)Mood•Thosewhowishtoparticipateinthecontestmustputtheirnameshere.•Toarguewiththecaptainisaskingfortrouble.•Ignoringtheproblemwillnotmakeyourworkeasier.Thatteapotthedukehasgiventomyauntlastyear补语主语限定成分谓语状语剩余部分语气剩余部分(residue)3.2Modality(情态)Modality(情态)referstothejudgmentonachievementorientationandeffectivenessofspeakers’proposition(命题),ortherequiredobligationinthecommand,ortheexpressedwillingnessintheproposal(提议).assertion(断言)thisis命题(proposition)negation(否定)thisisnotprescribing(规定)doit提议(proposal)proscribing(禁止)don’tdoit命题(proposition)•在断言和否定之间有两种可能性:•(1)不同量值的概率(如possibly,probably,certainly)•(2)不同量值的频率(如sometimes,usually,always)提议(proposal)•在做此事与不能做此事之间也有两种可能性。哪一种起作用取决于小句的言语功能是命令(command)还